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The role of sugar in emotional health is becoming more apparent. This cross-sectional study investigated the potential non-linear associations of sugar on GAD and identified thresholds that would be associated with GAD if these non-linear associations were significant, using the UK Biobank.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 84,087 subjects was included. Total energy and sugar consumption were calculated using Oxford WebQ. Total sugar, glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose as dietary exposure. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire was used to measure anxiety symptoms. The non-linear relationship between sugar and GAD scores was examined using generalized additive models (GAMs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant non-linear relationships were found between sugar consumption and GAD score, and were modified by gender and age. Total sugar and sucrose consumption demonstrated non-linear associations with GAD scores among those aged 45 or younger. In those aged 46 to 64 years, non-linear associations of GAD score were found in total sugar consumption in both genders. Additionally, in females, non-linear associations were also observed across all the sugar types; compared to males, only sucrose consumption showed a significant association. Specifically, the association between sucrose consumption and GAD score followed a J-shaped pattern in both genders. Only sucrose consumption demonstrated a non-linear association with GAD scores in females aged 65 or above.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified non-linear and dose-dependent associations between various types of sugar on anxiety in different gender and age groups, which may have implications for lifestyle psychiatry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01277-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T03:24:32Z","timestamp":1769397872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining the non-linear relationship between sugar consumption and anxiety symptoms in UK biobank data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agassi Chun Wai","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah Xiaoyan","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Yeung-shan","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1277_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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