{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:25:31Z","timestamp":1788445531029,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stanford Nutrition Studies Research Group"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016959","name":"Office of the Vice Provost for Graduate Education, Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:05:46Z","timestamp":1771545946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plant-Based vs. Omnivore diets for athletic performance outcomes among recreational athletes in university dining halls: a randomized crossover study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chloe","family":"Raygoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Guidetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranoy","family":"Sangowdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Njeri","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Laverick-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Sanguinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Fammartino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Policastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Kuhnle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Svennevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1290_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.05.027","volume":"109","author":"WJ Craig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Craig WJ, Mangels AR. Position of the American dietetic association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(7):1266.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010130","volume":"11","author":"ND Barnard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barnard ND, Goldman DM, Loomis JF, Kahleova H, Levin SM, Neabore S, Batts TC. Plant-Based diets for cardiovascular safety and performance in endurance sports. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):130.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"1290_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827618766484","volume":"12","author":"S Stoll","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoll S. Common misconceptions in the nutritional management of athletes. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2018;12(5):387\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"1290_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0192-9","volume":"14","author":"D Rogerson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:36.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"1290_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104611","volume":"149","author":"LK Hawkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawkins LK, Farrow C, Thomas JM. Do perceived norms of social media users\u2019 eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite. 2020;149:104611.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"4","key":"1290_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0135","volume":"29","author":"BEP Bourke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bourke BEP, Baker DF, Braakhuis AJ. Social media as a nutrition resource for athletes: A Cross-Sectional survey. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29(4):364\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"1290_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211044106","volume":"16","author":"M Hartwell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hartwell M, Torgerson T, Essex R, Campbell B, Belardo D, Vassar M. Public awareness of a Plant-Based diet following the release of game changers and what the health. Documentaries American J Lifestyle Medicine. 2022;16(2):190\u20136.","journal-title":"Documentaries American J Lifestyle Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"1290_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0639-y","volume":"74","author":"GH Boutros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boutros GH, Landry-Duval MA, Garzon M, Karelis AD. Is a vegan diet detrimental to endurance and muscle strength? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020;74(11):1550\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1290_CR9","first-page":"1290","volume":"24","author":"A Raben","year":"1992","unstructured":"Raben A, Kiens B, Richter EA, Rasmussen LB, Svenstrup B, Micic S, et al. Serum sex hormones and endurance performance after a lacto-ovo vegetarian and a mixed diet. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(11):1290\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1290_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040894","volume":"14","author":"K Durkalec-Michalski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Durkalec-Michalski K, Domagalski A, G\u0142\u00f3wka N, Kami\u0144ska J, Szymczak D, Podg\u00f3rski T. Effect of a Four-Week vegan diet on Performance, training efficiency and blood biochemical indices in CrossFit-Trained participants. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):894.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"1290_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-9-50","volume":"9","author":"EM Hietavala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hietavala EM, Puurtinen R, Kainulainen H, Mero AA. Low-protein vegetarian diet does not have a short-term effect on blood acid\u2013base status but raises oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):50.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1290_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1053\/jada.2003.50112","volume":"103","author":"A Wells","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wells A, Haub M, Fluckey J, Williams D, Chernoff R, Campbell W. Comparisons of vegetarian and beef-containing diets on hematological indexes and iron stores during a period of resistive training in older men. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(5):594\u2013601.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"1290_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.01.019","volume":"54","author":"MD Haub","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haub MD, Wells AM, Campbell WW. Beef and soy-based food supplements differentially affect serum lipoprotein-lipid profiles because of changes in carbohydrate intake and novel nutrient intake ratios in older men who resistive-train. Metabolism. 2005;54(6):769\u201374.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"1290_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01434-9","volume":"51","author":"V Hevia-Larra\u00edn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hevia-Larra\u00edn V, Gualano B, Longobardi I, Gil S, Fernandes AL, Costa LAR, et al. High-protein plant-based diet versus a protein-matched omnivorous diet to support resistance training adaptations: a comparison between habitual vegans and omnivores. Sports Med. 2021;51(6):1317\u201330.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1290_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad055","volume":"82","author":"T Habumugisha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habumugisha T, Engebretsen IM, M\u00e5ren IE, Kaiser CW, Dierkes J. Reducing meat and\/or dairy consumption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition. Nutr Rev. 2024;82(3):277\u2013301.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1290_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-022-00820-x","volume":"21","author":"AK Roberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberts AK, Busque V, Robinson JL, et al. SWAP-MEAT athlete (study with appetizing plant-food, meat-eating alternatives trial) \u2013 investigating the impact of three different diets on recreational athletic performance: a randomized crossover trial. Nutr J. 2022;21(1):69.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"1290_CR17","unstructured":"Rutgers University. Rutgers, by the numbers. Office Institutional Res Acad Plann. 2025; https:\/\/www.rutgers.edu\/about\/by-the-numbers"},{"key":"1290_CR18","unstructured":"Stanford University. Undergrad Student Profile. 2023; https:\/\/facts.stanford.edu\/academics\/undergraduate-profile\/"},{"key":"1290_CR19","unstructured":"Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt At A. Glance. 2024; https:\/\/admissions.vanderbilt.edu\/profile\/"},{"key":"1290_CR20","unstructured":"University of Reading. University Food, reimagined. Hospitality 2025; https:\/\/www.hospitalityuor.co.uk\/clever-cuisine\/#:~:text=With%20five%20conveniently%20placed%20dining,study%20and%20pursue%20your%20passions"},{"key":"1290_CR21","unstructured":"University of Reading. Stats UCAS. 2025; https:\/\/www.ucas.com\/explore\/unis\/c283b1b0\/university-of-reading?studyYear=2025"},{"key":"1290_CR22","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018."},{"issue":"3","key":"1290_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140030033008","volume":"203","author":"KH Cooper","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cooper KH. A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: correlation between field and treadmill testing. JAMA. 1968;203(3):201\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1290_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2014.138","volume":"65","author":"S Gail","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gail S, K\u00fcnzell S. Reliability of a 5-repetition maximum strength test in recreational athletes. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2014;65:314\u20137.","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Sportmed"},{"issue":"4","key":"1290_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.70252\/RYPO6126","volume":"12","author":"ER Monteiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monteiro ER, Vingren JL, Neto VG, Neves EB, Steele J, Novaes JS. Effects of different between test rest intervals in reproducibility of the 10-repetition maximum load test: a pilot study with recreationally resistance trained men. Int J Exerc Sci. 2019;12(4):932.","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1290_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0242-y","volume":"15","author":"CM Kerksick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, J\u00e4ger R, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):38.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1290_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000238","volume":"53","author":"M Kanter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanter M. High-quality carbohydrates and physical performance. Nutr Today. 2018;53(1):35\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"issue":"5","key":"1290_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051084","volume":"11","author":"F Mata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mata F, Valenzuela PL, Gimenez J, Tur C, Ferreria D, Dom\u00ednguez R, et al. Carbohydrate availability and physical performance: physiological overview and practical recommendations. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1084.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"1290_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113884","volume":"13","author":"A Pohl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pohl A, Sch\u00fcnemann F, Bersiner K, Gehlert S. The impact of vegan and vegetarian diets on physical performance and molecular signaling in skeletal muscle. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3884.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"1290_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/70527","volume":"27","author":"A \u015aliwi\u0144ska","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u015aliwi\u0144ska A, Luty J, Aleksandrowicz-Wrona E, Ma\u0142gorzewicz S. Iron status and dietary iron intake in vegetarians. Adv Clin Experimental Med. 2018;27(10):1383\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Experimental Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1290_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030577","volume":"10","author":"T Wiriyaphanich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiriyaphanich T, Guinard J-X, Spang E, Amsler Challamel G, Valgenti RT, Sinclair D, Lubow S, Putnam-Farr E. Food choice and waste in university dining Commons\u2014A menus of change university research collaborative study. Foods. 2021;10(3):577.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"11","key":"1290_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619872191","volume":"30","author":"BP Turnwald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turnwald BP, Bertoldo JD, Perry MA, Policastro P, Timmons M, Bosso C, Connors P, Valgenti RT, Pine L, Challamel G, Gardner CD, Crum AJ. Increasing vegetable intake by emphasizing tasty and enjoyable attributes: A randomized controlled multisite intervention for Taste-Focused labeling. Psychol Sci. 2019;30(11):1603\u201315.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1290_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092560","volume":"12","author":"MJ Landry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landry MJ, Olvany JM, Mueller MP, Chen T, Ikeda D, Sinclair D, Schatz LE, Connors P, Valgenti RT, Amsler Challamel G, et al. Faith in fat: A multisite examination of university students\u2019 perceptions of fat in the diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2560.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"1290_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092890","volume":"12","author":"H Malan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malan H, Amsler Challamel G, Silverstein D, Hoffs C, Spang E, Pace SA, Malague\u00f1o BLR, Gardner CD, Wang MC, Slusser W, et al. Impact of a Scalable, Multi-Campus foodprint seminar on college students\u2019 dietary intake and dietary carbon footprint. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2890.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1290_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2020.104063","volume":"87","author":"F Michel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michel F, Hartmann C, Siegrist M. Consumers\u2019 associations, perceptions and acceptance of meat and plant-based meat alternatives. Food Qual Prefer. 2021;87:104063.","journal-title":"Food Qual Prefer"},{"key":"1290_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996158","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.996158","volume":"9","author":"G Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen G, Tan W, Ran N, Zhang J, Yan B. Do urban tourists prefer vegetarianism? An urban-rural comparison of vegetarian consumption in China. Frontier Nutr. 2022;9:996158.","journal-title":"Frontier Nutr"},{"key":"1290_CR37","unstructured":"Kiernan C, Larsen S. New York City\u2019s public school system goes meat-free on Fridays. 2022. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/us\/new-york-citys-public-school-system-goes-meat-free-fridays-2022-02-04\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1290_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-09-2013-0252","volume":"117","author":"P Pohjolainen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pohjolainen P, Vinnari M, Jokinen P. Consumers\u2019 perceived barriers to following a Plant-based diet. Br Food J. 2015;117(3):1150\u201367.","journal-title":"Br Food J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1290_CR39","first-page":"S36","volume":"51","author":"R Lappalainen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lappalainen R, Saba A, Holm L, Mykkanen H, Gibney MJ, Moles A. Difficulties in trying to eat healthier: descriptive analysis of perceived barriers for healthy eating. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(2):S36.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1290_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003540","volume":"16","author":"H Konttinen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Konttinen H, Sarlio-L\u00e4hteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Haukkala A. Socio-economic disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the role of motive priorities. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(5):873\u201382.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1290_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.11.016","volume":"74","author":"JP M\u00e4kiniemi","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00e4kiniemi JP, Vainio A. Barriers to climate-friendly food choices among young adults in Finland. Appetite. 2014;74:12\u20139.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1290_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2022.100587","volume":"29","author":"FJ Perez-Cueto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perez-Cueto FJ, Rini L, Faber I, Rasmussen MA, Bechtold KB, Schouteten JJ, De Steur H. How barriers towards plant-based food consumption differ according to dietary lifestyle: findings from a consumer survey in 10 EU countries. Int J Gastronomy Food Sci. 2022;29:100587.","journal-title":"Int J Gastronomy Food Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1290_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602387","volume":"60","author":"EJ Lea","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lea EJ, Crawford D, Worsley A. Public views of the benefits and barriers to the consumption of a Plant-Based diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(7):828\u201337.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1290_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maier SP, Lightsey HM, Galetta MD, et al. Plant-based diets and sports performance: a clinical review. Sport Sci Health. 2023;19:1059\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11332-023-01074-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-023-01074-8"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:52:22Z","timestamp":1775739142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12937-026-01290-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Stanford University Administrative Panel on Human Subjects in Medical Research (IRB eProtocol #69487) on February 7, 2024.All participants provided written informed consent before participation, and the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and Stanford University\u2019s guidelines for human subject research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}