{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:54:16Z","timestamp":1781650456973,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YWF-21-BJ-J-802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YWF-21-BJ-J-802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC. 11502014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC. 11502014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11302248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11302248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11421202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11421202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Peking University International Hospital Research Funds","award":["YN2016QN08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YN2016QN08"]}]},{"name":"Peking University International Hospital Research Funds","award":["YN2019ZD05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YN2019ZD05"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["YESS20150048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YESS20150048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Eng OnLine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Long-leg-radiography (LLR) is commonly used for the measurement of lower limb alignment. However, limb rotations during radiography may interfere with the alignment measurement. This study examines the effect of limb rotation on the accuracy of measurements based on the mechanical and anatomical axes of the femur and tibia, with variations in knee flexion and coronal deformity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty-five lower limbs of 30 patients were scanned with CT. Virtual LLRs simulating five rotational positions (neutral, \u00b1 10\n \n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , and \u00b1 20\n \n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n internal rotation) were generated from the CT images. Changes in the hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle (HKA) and the femorotibial angle (FTA) were measured on each image with respect to neutral values. These changes were related to knee flexion and coronal deformity under both weight- and non-weight-bearing conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The measurement errors of the HKA and FTA derived from limb rotation were up to 4.84 \u00b1 0.66\n \n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and 7.35 \u00b1 0.88\n \n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , respectively, and were correlated with knee flexion (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and severe coronal deformity (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Compared with the non-weight-bearing position, the coronal deformity measured in the weight-bearing condition was 2.62\n \n \n $$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u2218<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n greater, the correlation coefficients between the coronal deformity and the deviation ranges of HKA and FTA were also greater.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Flexion and severe coronal deformity have a significant influence on the measurement error of lower limb alignment. Errors can be amplified in the weight-bearing condition compared with the non-weight-bearing condition. When using HKA and FTA to represent the mechanical axis and the anatomical axis on LLR, limb rotation impacts the anatomic axis more than the mechanical axis in patients with severe deformities. Considering LLR as the gold standard image modality, attention should be paid to the measurement of knee alignment. Especially for the possible errors derived from weight-bearing long-leg radiographs of patients with severe knee deformities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T04:02:41Z","timestamp":1637985761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of limb rotation on radiographic alignment measurement in mal-aligned knees"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaoshu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengzhao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2012.07.009","volume":"20","author":"S Babazadeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Babazadeh S, Dowsey MM, Bingham RJ, Ek ET, Stoney JD, Choong PFM. 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Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"}],"container-title":["BioMedical Engineering OnLine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T04:14:25Z","timestamp":1637986465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-021-00956-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-850458\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-925X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-925X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal. An ethical approval was given by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University International Hospital (No. 2020-036). Our institution\u2019s committee on human research gave approval for this study, and all participants gave informed consent. Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs. The submitted work was original and not has been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"And publication has been approved by all coauthors and the responsible authorities at the institutes where the work has been carried out.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"119"}}