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Although several experiments have been conducted to investigate these head\u2013neck responses to various perturbations, it is still unclear why and how individuals react differently and what the implications of these different responses across subjects on the potential injuries might be. Therefore, we see a need for both experimental data and biophysically valid computational Human Body Models with bio-inspired muscle control strategies to understand individual reflex responses better.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To address this issue, we conducted perturbation experiments of the head\u2013neck complex and used this data to examine control strategies in a simulation model. In the experiments, which we call \u2019falling heads\u2019 experiments, volunteers were placed in a supine and a prone position on a table with an additional trapdoor supporting the head. This trapdoor was suddenly released, leading to a free-fall movement of the head until reflexive responses of muscles stopped the downwards movement.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analysed the kinematic, neuronal and dynamic responses for all individuals and show their differences for separate age and sex groups. We show that these results can be used to validate two simple reflex controllers which are able to predict human biophysical movement and modulate the response necessary to represent a large variability of participants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We present characteristic parameters such as joint stiffness, peak accelerations and latency times. Based on this data, we show that there is a large difference in the individual reflexive responses between participants. Furthermore, we show that the perturbation direction (supine vs. prone) significantly influences the measured kinematic quantities. Finally, \u2019falling heads\u2019 experiments data are provided open-source to be used as a benchmark test to compare different muscle control strategies and to validate existing active Human Body Models directly.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-022-00994-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T10:30:49Z","timestamp":1650105049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["\u2018Falling heads\u2019: investigating reflexive responses to head\u2013neck perturbations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Isabell","family":"Wochner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart V.","family":"N\u00f6lle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr V.","family":"Martynenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syn","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"994_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1392310","volume":"123","author":"FC Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson FC, Pandy MG. 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