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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ICA on the inhibition of bacteria associated with peri-implantitis, and fabricate a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) with ICA-loaded gelatin microspheres (GMs) as a local drug delivery system efficiently promoting bone formation and alleviating inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, ICA exhibited antibacterial activity against\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      with a MIC value of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0mol\/L. When the concentration of ICA was 0.5\u00a0mM, the encapsulation efficiency of GMs reached the maximum value of 76.26\u2009\u00b1\u20093.97%. GMs with ICA revealed a controlled release profile, 0.5\u00a0mM ICA exhibited a higher ICA release profile than the other groups during a 21 d monitoring span. The results of SEM and XRD demonstrated successful fabrication of a calcium phosphate cement with ICA-loaded GMs. ICA released from CPC\/GMs (ICA) was slower than ICA released from GMs within 10\u00a0days. CPC\/GMs (ICA) exhibited antibacterial activity against\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but the antibacterial rate of CPC\/GMs (ICA) was only 17.15\u2009\u00b1\u20096.06%. In addition, CPC\/GMs (ICA) promoted the proliferation of BMSCs and significantly stimulated the differentiation and maturation of BMSCs. In vivo, H&amp;E and Masson staining experiments demonstrated that CPC\/GMs (ICA) exhibited better capacity for bone regeneration than CPC\/GMs and CPC, and the expression of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in the tissue around CPC\/GMs (ICA) was significantly lower than CPC\/GMs and CPC in IHC staining (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, ICA exhibited limited antibacterial\u00a0activity against bacteria associated with peri-implantitis. A composite material of calcium phosphate cement with ICA-loaded gelatin microspheres was developed, which not only promoting osteoinductivity and bone formation, but also alleviating inflammation, demonstrating its potential as a promising bone substitute material for treatment of peri-implantitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-022-01052-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T07:04:49Z","timestamp":1671692689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Calcium phosphate cement with icariin-loaded gelatin microspheres as a local drug delivery system for bone regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changkui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1052_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2012.02546.x","volume":"23","author":"BE Pjetursson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pjetursson BE, Thoma D, Jung R, Zwahlen M, Zembic A. 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