{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:58:28Z","timestamp":1767909508621,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Three-Year Action Plan","award":["GWVI-11.1-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-22"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Three-Year Action Plan","award":["GWVI-11.1-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWVI-11.1-30"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20DZ1100200, 23ZR1481000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20DZ1100200, 23ZR1481000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022WB04, 2022YQ051, 20234Y0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022WB04, 2022YQ051, 20234Y0062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Eng OnLine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the imaging repeatability of self-service fundus photography compared to traditional fundus photography performed by experienced operators.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In a community-based eye diseases screening site, we recruited 65\u00a0eyes (65 participants) from the resident population of Shanghai, China. All participants were devoid of cataract or any other conditions that could potentially compromise the quality of fundus imaging. Participants were categorized into fully self-service fundus photography or traditional fundus photography group. Image quantitative analysis software was used to extract clinically relevant indicators from the fundus images. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to depict the imaging repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There was no statistical difference in the absolute differences, or the extents of variation of the indicators between the two groups. The extents of variation of all the measurement indicators, with the exception of the optic cup area, were below 10% in both groups. The Bland\u2013Altman plots and multivariate analysis results were consistent with results mentioned above.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The image repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography is comparable to that of traditional fundus photography performed by professionals, demonstrating promise in large-scale eye disease screening programs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T20:04:04Z","timestamp":1710273844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating imaging repeatability of fully self-service fundus photography within a community-based eye disease screening setting"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Juzhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deshang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangwen","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senlin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","volume":"9","author":"R Bourne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourne R, Steinmetz JD, Flaxman S, Briant PS, Taylor HR, Resnikoff S, Casson RJ, Abdoli A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Afshin A, Ahmadieh H. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(2):e130\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"1222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","volume":"9","author":"MJ Burton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, et al. The Lancet global health commission on global eye health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(4):e489\u2013551.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313308","volume":"104","author":"CY Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng CY, Wang N, Wong TY, et al. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in East Asia in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(5):616\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206690","volume":"13","author":"H Ra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ra H, Song LD, Choi JA, Jee D. The cost-effectiveness of systematic screening for age-related macular degeneration in South Korea. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10): e0206690.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-250","volume":"11","author":"J Peng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peng J, Zou H, Wang W, et al. Implementation and first-year screening results of an ocular telehealth system for diabetic retinopathy in China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:250.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res."},{"key":"1222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100435","volume":"23","author":"R Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li R, Yang Z, Zhang Y, et al. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of traditional and telemedicine combined population-based age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy screening in rural and urban China. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;23: 100435.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1964_19","volume":"68","author":"GVS Murthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murthy GVS, Gilbert C, Shukla R, et al. Overview and project highlights of an initiative to integrate diabetic retinopathy screening and management in the public health system in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(Suppl 1):S12-s15.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","volume":"5","author":"RRA Bourne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bourne RRA, Flaxman SR, Braithwaite T, et al. Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e888\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000515","volume":"11","author":"Q Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng Q, Tseng R, Tham YC, Cheng CY, Rim TH. Detection of systemic diseases from ocular images using artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2022;11(2):126\u201339.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)."},{"key":"1222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.101971","volume":"69","author":"T Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li T, Bo W, Hu C, et al. Applications of deep learning in fundus images: a review. Med Image Anal. 2021;69: 101971.","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30288-0","volume":"3","author":"W Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao W, Huang X, Wang JH, et al. Screening and identifying hepatobiliary diseases through deep learning using ocular images: a prospective, multicentre study. Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3(2):e88\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00427-7","volume":"4","author":"A Diaz-Pinto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diaz-Pinto A, Ravikumar N, Attar R, et al. Predicting myocardial infarction through retinal scans and minimal personal information. Nat Mach Intell. 2022;4(1):55\u201361.","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100912","volume":"4","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu L, Wu X, Lin D, et al. DeepFundus: a flow-cytometry-like image quality classifier for boosting the whole life cycle of medical artificial intelligence. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4(2):100912.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.08.034","volume":"58","author":"N Teismann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teismann N, Neilson J, Keenan J. Quality and feasibility of automated digital retinal imaging in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2020;58(1):18\u201324.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15055","volume":"55","author":"R Shetty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shetty R, Arora V, Jayadev C, et al. Repeatability and agreement of three Scheimpflug-based imaging systems for measuring anterior segment parameters in keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):5263\u20138.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1222_CR16","volume-title":"Digital health","author":"J Yuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuen J, Pike S, Khachikyan S, Nallasamy S. Telehealth in Ophthalmology. In: Linwood SL, editor. Digital health. Brisbane: Exon Publications; 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0068","volume":"22","author":"N Panwar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panwar N, Huang P, Lee J, et al. Fundus photography in the 21st century\u2014a review of recent technological advances and their implications for worldwide healthcare. Telemed J E Health. 2016;22(3):198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30684-2","volume":"103","author":"K Attebo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Attebo K, Mitchell P, Smith W. Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia. The Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(3):357\u201364.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1258\/135763307780677640","volume":"13","author":"SM Bar-Sela","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bar-Sela SM, Glovinsky Y. A feasibility study of an Internet-based telemedicine system for consultation in an ophthalmic emergency room. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(3):119\u201324.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2008.12.001","volume":"35","author":"A Chabouis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chabouis A, Berdugo M, Meas T, et al. Benefits of Ophdiat, a telemedical network to screen for diabetic retinopathy: a retrospective study in five reference hospital centres. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35(3):228\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1222_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16089-3","volume":"12","author":"X Lyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lyu X, Jajal P, Tahir MZ, Zhang S. Fractal dimension of retinal vasculature as an image quality metric for automated fundus image analysis systems. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11868.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"1222_CR22","first-page":"920","volume":"56","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Ling SG, Dong Z, Ke X, Lu LN, Zou HD. Development and application of a fundus image quality assessment syste m based on computer vision technology. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2020;56(12):920\u20137.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi."},{"issue":"10","key":"1222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05745-y","volume":"65","author":"RJ Tapp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tapp RJ, Owen CG, Barman SA, et al. Retinal microvascular associations with cardiometabolic risk factors differ by diabetes status: results from the UK Biobank. Diabetologia. 2022;65(10):1652\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13752","volume":"74","author":"RJ Tapp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tapp RJ, Owen CG, Barman SA, et al. Associations of retinal microvascular diameters and tortuosity with blood pressure and arterial stiffness: United Kingdom Biobank. Hypertension. 2019;74(6):1383\u201390.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32907-1","volume":"96","author":"MI Boone","year":"1989","unstructured":"Boone MI, Farber ME, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. Increased retinal vascular tortuosity in gestational diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(2):251\u20134.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-021-00545-z","volume":"35","author":"SA Badawi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badawi SA, Fraz MM, Shehzad M, et al. Detection and grading of hypertensive retinopathy using vessels tortuosity and arteriovenous ratio. J Digit Imaging. 2022;35(2):281\u2013301.","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21202","volume":"58","author":"A Iwase","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwase A, Sekine A, Suehiro J, et al. A new method of magnification correction for accurately measuring retinal vessel calibers from fundus photographs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(3):1858\u201364.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"21","key":"1222_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8565","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218565","volume":"22","author":"T Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long T, Xu Y, Zou H, et al. A generic pixel pitch calibration method for fundus camera via automated ROI extraction. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(21):8565.","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1222_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16658","volume":"22","author":"CH Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan CH, Kyaw BM, Smith H, Tan CS, Tudor Car L. Use of smartphones to detect diabetic retinopathy: scoping review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(5): e16658.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"1222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2018.09.016","volume":"3","author":"S Sengupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sengupta S, Sindal MD, Baskaran P, Pan U, Venkatesh R. Sensitivity and specificity of smartphone-based retinal imaging for diabetic retinopathy: a comparative study. Ophthalmol Retina. 2019;3(2):146\u201353.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"6","key":"1222_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.1466","volume":"141","author":"BK Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"Young BK, Cole ED, Shah PK, et al. Efficacy of smartphone-based telescreening for retinopathy of prematurity with and without artificial intelligence in India. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023;141(6):582\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1222_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17480","volume":"8","author":"MW Wintergerst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wintergerst MW, Jansen LG, Holz FG, Finger RP. A novel device for smartphone-based fundus imaging and documentation in clinical practice: comparative image analysis study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(7): e17480.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth."},{"issue":"11","key":"1222_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3782","volume":"135","author":"PM Burlina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burlina PM, Joshi N, Pekala M, Pacheco KD, Freund DE, Bressler NM. Automated grading of age-related macular degeneration from color fundus images using deep convolutional neural networks. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(11):1170\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1222_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06101-5","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zou H. Insights into artificial intelligence in myopia management: from a data perspective. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-023-06101-5.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1222_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.09.005","volume":"222","author":"E Piedrahita-Alonso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piedrahita-Alonso E, Valverde-Megias A, Gomez-de-Liano R. Validity and reliability of semiautomatic ocular cycloposition measurement with spectralis optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;222:248\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1222_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.3.143.16049","volume":"27","author":"MD Knudtson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Hubbard LD, Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr Eye Res. 2003;27(3):143\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"}],"container-title":["BioMedical Engineering OnLine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T20:11:18Z","timestamp":1710274278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01222-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-925X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-925X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center (2022SQ007). All fundus images and clinical data were anonymized. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"32"}}