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The aim of this study was to characterize the diurnal variation of HRV in individuals with SCI at lesion level T6 and above and lesion level below T6.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a retrospective analysis of a prior cross-sectional study. Individuals with chronic SCI underwent 24\u00a0h recording of the time between consecutive R waves (RR interval) to derive parameters of HRV as follows: standard deviation of all normal-to-normal R\u2013R intervals (SDNN) and square root of the mean of the squared differences between successive R\u2013R intervals (RMSSD) (time domain); and high frequency power (HF), low-frequency power (LF), very low frequency power (VLF), ultra-low frequency power (ULF) and total power (TP) (frequency domain). Changes in the magnitude of HRV outcomes over the 24\u00a0h period were investigated using a novel multi-component cosinor model constrained to the form of a three-harmonic Fourier series.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants were grouped as lesion level T6 and above (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922) or below T6 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200936). Most of them were male (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940, 69%) and the median age (interquartile range) was 50.5 (28) years. Both groups exhibited similar diurnal patterns in most HRV metrics. The lowest values occurred in the late afternoon (4\u20136\u00a0pm) and gradually increased, peaking around midnight to early morning (1\u20136\u00a0am). Exceptions included RMSSD, which peaked before midnight, and ULF, which showed a double peak pattern that peaked from 11\u00a0am to 1\u00a0pm and 4\u20136 am in participants with lesion level at T6 and above. The HRV values in participants with lesion level T6 and above were generally lower than participants with lesion level below T6, except for peak values of RMSSD, HF and LF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study demonstrated substantial diurnal variation of HRV in participants with SCI in both groups of participants. In clinical and research settings, diurnal variations in HRV must be taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01256-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T10:02:56Z","timestamp":1718877776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diurnal variation of heart rate variability in individuals with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jittima","family":"Saengsuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arphatsorn","family":"Ruangsuphaphichat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Brockmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patpiya","family":"Sirasaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuttaset","family":"Manimmanakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313504542","volume":"28","author":"HJ Ravensbergen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ravensbergen HJ, de Groot S, Post MW, Slootman HJ, van der Woude LH, Claydon VE. 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