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Imaging data were fused using a custom-made workflow to create highly accurate digital 3D models. For validation of the workflow, coronary artery phantoms were fabricated using additive manufacturing. An OCT was then conducted on the 3D printed phantom, and the developed workflow was applied to generate a derivative model, which was subsequently compared to the original.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CCTA and OCT datasets from 15 patients were successfully collected and used to develop patient-specific 3D coronary artery models, including detailed inner shells, calcifications, outer wall structures, and side branches. Of these, 13 out of 15 3D printed phantoms were successfully validated and compared to their corresponding original model. The median vertex deviation of the derivative model was 0.15 (0.14\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$-$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.17) mm. The median absolute stenosis difference between the derivative model and the original model was 3 (1\u20135)%AS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present a novel workflow to produce high-resolution patient-specific phantoms of coronary arteries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-025-01501-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T02:34:38Z","timestamp":1766457278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A comprehensive workflow for CCTA and OCT data fusion with 3D printing validation: advancing patient-specific testing environments for percutaneous coronary intervention devices"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Ilic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"H\u00e4ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anselm W.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Illi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Gr\u00e4ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bentele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philine","family":"Baumann-Zumstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Haeberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1794","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00270","volume":"13","author":"JA Ormiston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ormiston JA, et al. Bench testing and coronary artery bifurcations: a consensus document from the european bifurcation club. EuroIntervention. 2018;13:e1794\u2013803.","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"1501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1129-y","volume":"43","author":"A Kheradvar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kheradvar A, et al. Emerging trends in heart valve engineering: Part iii. novel technologies for mitral valve repair and replacement. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015;43:858\u201370.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1501_CR3","first-page":"171","volume":"10","author":"M Vukicevic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vukicevic M, Mosadegh B, Min JK, Little SH. Cardiac 3D printing and its future directions. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2017;10:171\u201384.","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"},{"key":"1501_CR4","first-page":"1050","volume":"7","author":"J Illi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Illi J, et al. 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The study enrolled 15 patients for imaging and data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained for publication of the data included in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no Conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}