{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T22:37:17Z","timestamp":1794436637849,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kimel Family"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Eng OnLine"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T15:24:21Z","timestamp":1768577061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smartphone photogrammetry for prosthetics and orthotics: accuracy and reliability across upper-limb, lower-limb, and AFO casts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Arthur","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Pendse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin C.","family":"Ngan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Andrysek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2022.2020094","volume":"19","author":"M Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang M, Nong Q, Liu Y, Lu H. Design of lower limb prosthetic sockets: a review. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2021;19(1):63\u201373.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364619865424","volume":"43","author":"E Suyi Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suyi Yang E, Aslani N, McGarry A. Influences and trends of various shape-capture methods on outcomes in trans-tibial prosthetics. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2019;43(5):540\u201355.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000350","volume":"34","author":"AS Dickinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dickinson AS, Donovan-Hall MK, Kheng S, Bou K, Tech A, Steer JW, et al. Selecting appropriate 3D scanning technologies for prosthetic socket design and transtibial residual limb shape characterization. JPO J Prosthet Orthot. 2022;34(1):33\u201343.","journal-title":"JPO J Prosthet Orthot"},{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56333-6","volume":"14","author":"CC Ngan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ngan CC, Pendse V, Sivasambu H, Ouellette E, Ready N, Andrysek J. Preliminary characterization of rectification for transradial prosthetic sockets. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5759.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis5040095","volume":"5","author":"S Cullen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cullen S, Mackay R, Mohagheghi A, Du X. Low-cost smartphone photogrammetry accurately digitises positive socket and limb casts. Prosthesis. 2023;5(4):1382\u201392.","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"issue":"18","key":"1515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6863","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186863","volume":"22","author":"CC Ngan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ngan CC, Sivasambu H, Ramdial S, Andrysek J. Evaluating the reliability of a shape capturing process for transradial residual limb using a non-contact scanner. Sensors. 2022;22(18):6863.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1991309","volume":"18","author":"IA Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera IA, Pike TC, McKittrick JM, Meyers MA, Rao RR, Lin AY. Digital healthcare technologies: modern tools to transform prosthetic care. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2021;18:129\u201344.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"4","key":"1515_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.05.0097","volume":"49","author":"JE Sanders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanders JE, Severance MR, Allyn KJ. Computer-socket manufacturing error: how much before it is clinically apparent? J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49(4):567.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617736088","volume":"42","author":"R Kofman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kofman R, Beekman AM, Emmelot CH, Geertzen JHB, Dijkstra PU. Measurement properties and usability of non-contact scanners for measuring transtibial residual limb volume. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2018;42(3):280\u20137.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364618806038","volume":"43","author":"L Armitage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Armitage L, Kwah LK, Kark L. Reliability and validity of the iSense optical scanner for measuring volume of transtibial residual limb models. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2019;43(2):213\u201320.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"1515_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184498","volume":"12","author":"E Seminati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seminati E, Canepa Talamas D, Young M, Twiste M, Dhokia V, Bilzon JLJ. Validity and reliability of a novel 3D scanner for assessment of the shape and volume of amputees\u2019 residual limb models. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0184498.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000107","volume":"46","author":"CC Ngan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ngan CC, Sivasambu H, Kelland K, Ramdial S, Andrysek J. Understanding the adoption of digital workflows in orthotic and prosthetic practice from practitioner perspectives: a qualitative descriptive study. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2022;46(3):282\u20139.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"1515_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313542","volume":"19","author":"S Walters","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walters S, Metcalfe B, Twiste M, Seminati E, Bailey NY. Smartphone scanning is a reliable and accurate alternative to contemporary residual limb measurement techniques. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(12):e0313542.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"1515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69962","DOI":"10.2196\/69962","volume":"21","author":"F Mbithi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mbithi F, Donovan-Hall M, Bramley J, Steer J, Rossides C, Worsley P, et al. Evidence-generated sockets for transtibial prosthetic limbs compared with conventional computer-aided designs: a multiple-methods study from the patient\u2019s perspective. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2025;21(12):e69962\u2013e69962.","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"issue":"25","key":"1515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.915045","volume":"21","author":"R Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu R, Wang Z, Ma T, Ren Z, Jin H. Effect of 3D printing individualized ankle-foot orthosis on plantar biomechanics and pain in patients with plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Monit. 2019;21(25):1392\u2013400.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"1515_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.05.006","volume":"96","author":"EA Wojciechowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wojciechowski EA, Cheng TL, Hogan SM, Mudge AJ, Balassone D, Menezes MP, et al. Replicating and redesigning ankle-foot orthoses with 3D printing for children with Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth disease. Gait Posture. 2022;96:73\u201380.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"10","key":"1515_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275161","volume":"17","author":"S Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim S, Yalla S, Shetty S, Rosenblatt NJ. 3D printed transtibial prosthetic sockets: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0275161.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1515_CR18","unstructured":"Begasse T. VA Puget Sound Veteran receives first personalized 3D printed prosthetic socket. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; 2025. [Webpage]. URL: https:\/\/www.va.gov\/puget-sound-health-care\/stories\/va-puget-sound-veteran-receives-first-personalized-3d-printed-prosthetic-socket. Accessed 24 Sep 2025."},{"key":"1515_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li G, Gao F, Wang Z. A photogrammetry-based system for 3D surface reconstruction of prosthetics and orthotics. In: 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE; 2011. p. 8459\u201362.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6092087"},{"issue":"371","key":"1515_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.371.230","volume":"30","author":"O Ciobanu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ciobanu O, Ciobanu G, Rotariu M. Photogrammetric scanning technique and rapid prototyping used for prostheses and orthoses fabrication. Appl Mech Mater. 2013;30(371):230\u20134.","journal-title":"Appl Mech Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000244","volume":"31","author":"S Grazioso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grazioso S, Selvaggio M, Caporaso T, Di Gironimo G. A digital photogrammetric method to enhance the fabrication of custom-made spinal orthoses. JPO J Prosthet Orthot. 2019;31(2):133\u20139.","journal-title":"JPO J Prosthet Orthot"},{"issue":"24","key":"1515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248405","volume":"21","author":"S Cullen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cullen S, Mackay R, Mohagheghi A, Du X. The use of smartphone photogrammetry to digitise transtibial sockets: optimisation of method and quantitative evaluation of suitability. Sensors. 2021;21(24):8405.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"1515_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9091456","volume":"9","author":"R Ismail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail R, Taqriban RB, Ariyanto M, Atmaja AT, Sugiyanto, Caesarendra W, et al. Affordable and faster transradial prosthetic socket production using photogrammetry and 3D printing. Electronics. 2020;9(9):1456.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616664150","volume":"41","author":"A Hernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hernandez A, Lemaire E. A smartphone photogrammetry method for digitizing prosthetic socket interiors. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2017;41(2):210\u20134.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"1515_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"S Cullen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cullen S, Mohagheghi A, Mackay R. Investigating the accuracy of smartphone photogrammetry for remote 3D scanning transtibial amputees. J Med Eng Technol. 2025;10:1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1515_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.10.0272","volume":"53","author":"AS Dickinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dickinson AS, Steer JW, Woods CJ, Worsley PR. Registering a methodology for imaging and analysis of residual-limb shape after transtibial amputation. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016;53(2):207\u201318.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1515_CR27","first-page":"162","volume":"63","author":"GR Fernie","year":"1982","unstructured":"Fernie GR, Holliday PJ. Volume fluctuations in the residual limbs of lower limb amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1982;63(4):162\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.03.003","volume":"44","author":"JE Sanders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanders JE, Youngblood RT, Hafner BJ, Cagle JC, McLean JB, Redd CB, et al. Effects of socket size on metrics of socket fit in trans-tibial prosthesis users. Med Eng Phys. 2017;44:32\u201343.","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640308726683","volume":"27","author":"P Convery","year":"2003","unstructured":"Convery P, Buis AWP, Wilkie R, Sockalingam S, Blair A, McHugh B. Measurement of the consistency of patellar-tendon-bearing cast rectification. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003;27(3):207\u201313.","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"1515_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2020-1099-2020","volume":"1","author":"E Karantanellis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karantanellis E, Arav R, Dille A, Lippl S, Marsy G, Torresani L, et al. Evaluating the quality of photogrammetric point-clouds in challenging geo-environments \u2013 a case study in an alpine valley. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci. 2020;1:1099\u2013105.","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR31","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Usability evaluation in industry","author":"J Brooke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brooke J. A \u201cquick and dirty\u201d usability scale. In: Jordan P, Thomas B, Weerdmeester B, McClelland I, editors. Usability evaluation in industry. London: Taylor & Francis; 1996. p. 189\u201394."},{"key":"1515_CR32","unstructured":"Shining 3D. EinScan H2 \u2013 SPECS. [Webpage]. URL: https:\/\/www.einscan.com\/handheld-3d-scanner\/einscan-h\/einscan-h2-specs\/. Accessed 24 Sep 2025"},{"key":"1515_CR33","unstructured":"Apple. iPhone 11 \u2013 technical specifications. [Webpage]. URL: https:\/\/support.apple.com\/en-ca\/111865. Accessed 24 Sep 2025."},{"key":"1515_CR34","unstructured":"KIRI Innovation. KIRI Engine app. [Webpage]. URL: https:\/\/www.kiriengine.app\/. Accessed 24 Sep 2025"},{"key":"1515_CR35","unstructured":"Prusa Research. Original Prusa XL \u2013 3D printer technical specifications. [Webpage]. URL: https:\/\/www.prusa3d.com\/product\/original-prusa-xl-semi-assembled-single-toolhead-3d-printer\/. Accessed 24 Sep 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"1515_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1108","volume":"21","author":"DG Bonett","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bonett DG. Sample size requirements for estimating intraclass correlations with desired precision. Stat Med. 2002;21(9):1331\u20135.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1515_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taqriban RB, Ismail R, Ariyanto M, Yaya Syah Putra AF. 3D model of photogrammetry technique for transtibial prosthetic socket design development. In: 2019 International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI). IEEE; 2019. p. 456\u201361.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRITI48646.2019.9034670"},{"issue":"3","key":"1515_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031191","volume":"15","author":"F Pellitteri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pellitteri F, Calza M, Baldi G, De Maio M, Lombardo L. Reproducibility and accuracy of two facial scanners: a 3D in vivo study. Appl Sci. 2025;15(3):1191.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1515_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322358","volume":"20","author":"N Tangthaweesuk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tangthaweesuk N, Raocharernporn S. The accuracy of three-dimensional facial scans obtained from three different 3D scanners. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(5):e0322358.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1515_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","volume":"64","author":"J Kottner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kottner J, Audig\u00e9 L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, et al. Guidelines for reporting reliability and agreement studies (GRRAS). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(1):96\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BioMedical Engineering OnLine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:17:39Z","timestamp":1771240659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01515-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-925X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-925X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board at Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital (File #19\u2013864; approved on 21 January 2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"27"}}