{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:38:17Z","timestamp":1792719497430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Toronto Doctoral Completion Award"},{"name":"Wildcat Graduate Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cMedicine by Design\u201d Grant (MbDC2-2019-02)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cMedicine by Design\u201d Grant (MbDC2-2019-02)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Canada Research Chair in Endogenous Repair (#950-231201)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Canada Research Chair in Endogenous Repair (#950-231201)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Eng OnLine"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:49:47Z","timestamp":1785232187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contractile function and insulin sensitivity are inversely regulated by insulin in primary myoblast human skeletal muscle microtissues"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6783-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yekaterina","family":"Tiper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaru","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy Xinyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy T.","family":"Tinline-Goodfellow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Babits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Krawetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5509-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penney M.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1603_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190029","volume":"10","author":"KE Merz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merz KE, Thurmond DC. Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Compr Physiol Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2020;10:785\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c190029.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd"},{"key":"1603_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0516","volume":"90","author":"TP Ciaraldi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ciaraldi TP, Mudaliar S, Barzin A, Macievic JA, Edelman SV, Kyong SP, et al. Skeletal muscle GLUT1 transporter protein expression and basal leg glucose uptake are reduced in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:352\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-0516.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1603_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.12.1965","volume":"46","author":"S Lund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lund S, Holman GD, Zierath JR, Rincon J, Nolte LA, Clark AE, et al. Effect of insulin on GLUT4 cell surface content and turnover rate in human skeletal muscle as measured by the exofacial bis-mannose photolabeling technique. Diabetes. 1997;46:1965\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.46.12.1965.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1603_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1192","volume":"48","author":"JW Kennedy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kennedy JW, Hirshman MF, Gervino EV, Ocel JV, Forse RA, Hoenig SJ, et al. Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:1192\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1192.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1603_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Douen AG, Ramlal T, Rastogi S, Bilan PJ, Cartee GD, Vranic M, et al. Exercise induces recruitment of the \u2018insulin-responsive glucose transporter\u2019. Evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1990;265:13427\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)77362-6","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)77362-6"},{"key":"1603_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klip A, McGraw TE, James DE. Thirty sweet years of GLUT4. J Biol Chem. 2019;294:11369\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.REV119.008351","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.008351"},{"key":"1603_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21936","volume":"222","author":"SM Hirabara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hirabara SM, Curi R, Maechler P. Saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2010;222:187\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.21936.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"1603_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.11.005","volume":"4","author":"GR Steinberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steinberg GR, Michell BJ, van Denderen BJW, Watt MJ, Carey AL, Fam BC, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance involves suppression of AMP-kinase signaling. Cell Metab. 2006;4:465\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.11.005.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1603_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0169","volume":"64","author":"MC Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner MC, Martin NRW, Player DJ, Ferguson RA, Wheeler P, Green CJ, et al. Characterising hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells. J Mol Endocrinol BioScientifica Ltd. 2020;64:125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JME-19-0169.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol BioScientifica Ltd"},{"key":"1603_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carcamo-Orive I, Henrion MYR, Zhu K, Beckmann ND, Cundiff P, Moein S, et al. Predictive network modeling in human induced pluripotent stem cells identifies key driver genes for insulin responsiveness. PLoS Comput Biol. 2020;16:e1008491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008491"},{"key":"1603_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.007","volume":"32","author":"TM Batista","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batista TM, Jayavelu AK, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Iovino S, Lebastchi J, Pan H, et al. A cell-autonomous signature of dysregulated protein phosphorylation underlies muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020;32:844-859.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.007.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1603_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kase ET, Feng YZ, Badin PM, Bakke SS, Laurens C, Coue M, et al. Primary defects in lipolysis and insulin action in skeletal muscle cells from type 2 diabetic individuals. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1851:1194\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbalip.2015.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2015.03.005"},{"key":"1603_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116005","volume":"90","author":"V Sarabia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarabia V, Lam L, Burdett E, Leiter LA, Klip A. Glucose transport in human skeletal muscle cells in culture. Stimulation by insulin and metformin. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1386\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI116005.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1603_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20931","volume":"37","author":"H Vandenburgh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vandenburgh H, Shansky J, Benesch-Lee F, Barbata V, Reid J, Thorrez L, et al. Drug-screening platform based on the contractility of tissue-engineered muscle. Muscle Nerve. 2008;37:438\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20931.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1603_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.04.002","volume":"34","author":"NRW Martin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martin NRW, Passey SL, Player DJ, Khodabukus A, Ferguson RA, Sharples AP, et al. Factors affecting the structure and maturation of human tissue engineered skeletal muscle. Biomaterials. 2013;34:5759\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.04.002.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"1603_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294","volume":"53","author":"MK Holten","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holten MK, Zacho M, Gaster M, Juel C, Wojtaszewski JFP, Dela F. Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:294\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1603_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.065508","volume":"97","author":"A Benrick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benrick A, Wallenius V, Asterholm IW. Interleukin-6 mediates exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity in mice. Exp Physiol. 2012;97:1224\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2012.065508.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"1603_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen Z, Qin X, Zhang X, Liu B, Chen M. Upregulation of IL-4 signaling contributes to aerobic exercise-induced insulin sensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;525:662\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.02.103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.02.103"},{"key":"1603_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-020-00242-y","volume":"17","author":"ME Kondash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kondash ME, Ananthakumar A, Khodabukus A, Bursac N, Truskey GA. Glucose uptake and insulin response in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2020;17:801\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13770-020-00242-y.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"1603_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.11.030","volume":"198","author":"RJ Mills","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mills RJ, Parker BL, Monnot P, Needham EliseJ, Vivien CJ, Ferguson C, et al. Development of a human skeletal micro muscle platform with pacing capabilities. Biomaterials. 2019;198:217\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.11.030.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"1603_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60145","volume":"10","author":"AD Hofemeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hofemeier AD, Limon T, Muenker TM, Wallmeyer B, Jurado A, Afshar ME, et al. Global and local tension measurements in biomimetic skeletal muscle tissues reveals early mechanical homeostasis. Elife. 2021;10:e60145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.60145.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1603_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04885","volume":"4","author":"L Madden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Madden L, Juhas M, Kraus WE, Truskey GA, Bursac N. Bioengineered human myobundles mimic clinical responses of skeletal muscle to drugs. Elife. 2015;4:e04885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.04885.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1603_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62837-8","volume":"10","author":"ME Afshar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afshar ME, Abraha HY, Bakooshli MA, Davoudi S, Thavandiran N, Tung K, et al. A 96-well culture platform enables longitudinal analyses of engineered human skeletal muscle microtissue strength. Sci Rep. 2020;10:6918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62837-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1603_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.08.009","volume":"29","author":"JR Cantor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cantor JR. The rise of physiologic media. Trends Cell Biol. 2019;29:854\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2019.08.009.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"1603_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Khalili L, Chibalin A V., Kannisto K, Zhang BB, Permert J, Holman GD, et al. Insulin action in cultured human skeletal muscle cells during differentiation: assessment of cell surface GLUT4 and GLUT1 content. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003;60:991\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-003-3001-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3001-3"},{"key":"1603_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R794","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90673.2008","volume":"296","author":"M D\u00edaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u00edaz M, Vraskou Y, Guti\u00e9rrez J, Planas JV. Expression of rainbow trout glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 during in vitro muscle cell differentiation and regulation by insulin and IGF-I. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296:R794-800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.90673.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"1603_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113339","volume":"81","author":"KS Polonsky","year":"1988","unstructured":"Polonsky KS, Given BD, Van Cauter E. Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:442\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI113339.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1603_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111938","volume":"76","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1985","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Gunnarsson R, Bjorkman O, Olsson M, Wahren J. Effects of insulin on peripheral and splanchnic glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:149\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI111938.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1603_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113622","volume":"82","author":"GL Dohm","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dohm GL, Tapscott EB, Pories WJ, Dabbs DJ, Flickinger EG, Meelheim D, et al. An in vitro human muscle preparation suitable for metabolic studies decreased insulin stimulation of glucose transport in muscle from morbidly obese and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:486\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI113622.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1603_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0567","volume":"221","author":"LD Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown LD. Endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth: impact on future metabolic health. J Endocrinol. 2014;221:R13-29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-13-0567.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1603_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oksbjerg N, Gondret F, Vestergaard M. Basic principles of muscle development and growth in meat-producing mammals as affected by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2004;27:219\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.06.007"},{"key":"1603_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aboalola D, Han VKM. Different effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-2 on myogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:8286248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/8286248","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8286248"},{"key":"1603_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-012-1479-4","volume":"373","author":"S Jiao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiao S, Ren H, Li Y, Zhou J, Duan C, Lu L. Differential regulation of IGF-I and IGF-II gene expression in skeletal muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;373:107\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11010-012-1479-4.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"1603_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dreher SI, Grubba P, von Toerne C, Moruzzi A, Maurer J, Goj T, et al. IGF1 promotes human myotube differentiation toward a mature metabolic and contractile phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2024;326:C1462\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00654.2023","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00654.2023"},{"key":"1603_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058","volume":"198","author":"A Khodabukus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khodabukus A, Madden L, Prabhu NK, Koves TR, Jackman CP, Muoio DM, et al. Electrical stimulation increases hypertrophy and metabolic flux in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Biomaterials. 2019;198:259\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"1603_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gulati N, Davoudi S, Xu B, Rjaibi ST, Jacques E, Pham J, et al. Mini-MEndR: a miniaturized 96-well predictive assay to evaluate muscle stem cell-mediated repair. BMC Methods. 2024;1:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44330-024-00005-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s44330-024-00005-4"},{"key":"1603_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiper Y, Xie Z, Hofemeier A, Lad H, Luber M, Krawetz R, et al. Optimizing electrical field stimulation parameters reveals the maximum contractile function of human skeletal muscle microtissues. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2025;328:C1160\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.00308.2024","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00308.2024"},{"key":"1603_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lad H, Musgrave B, Ebrahimi M, Gilbert PM. Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues. J Vis Exp. 2021;2021:e62307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/62307","DOI":"10.3791\/62307"},{"key":"1603_CR39","unstructured":"Gilbert Lab. MyoTACTIC [Internet]. GitHub. 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/gilbertlabcode\/myoTACTIC"},{"key":"1603_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.05.020","volume":"132","author":"M Ebrahimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebrahimi M, Lad H, Fusto A, Tiper Y, Datye A, Nguyen CT, et al. De novo revertant fiber formation and therapy testing in a 3D culture model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy skeletal muscle. Acta Biomater. 2021;132:227\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.05.020.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"1603_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9:676\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.2019.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1603_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang L-K, Wangt M-JJ. Image thresholding by minimizing the measures of fuzziness. Pattern Recognit. 1995;28:41\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0031-3203(94)E0043-K","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)E0043-K"},{"key":"1603_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roberts MD, Young KC, Fox CD, Vann CG, Roberson PA, Osburn SC, et al. An optimized procedure for isolation of rodent and human skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins. J Biol Methods. 2020;7:e127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14440\/jbm.2020.307","DOI":"10.14440\/jbm.2020.307"},{"key":"1603_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamamoto N, Ueda-Wakagi M, Sato T, Kawasaki K, Sawada K, Kawabata K, et al. Measurement of glucose uptake in cultured cells. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2015;71:12.14.1\u201312.14.26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph1214s71","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph1214s71"}],"container-title":["BioMedical Engineering OnLine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:10:51Z","timestamp":1792717851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-026-01603-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-925X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-925X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The collection and use of human skeletal muscle tissue sample 1 was reviewed and approved by the University of Calgary Research Ethics Board (REB15-0005). The University of Toronto Office of Research Ethics also reviewed this approved study and assigned administrative approval (Protocol# 34888). The collection and use of human skeletal muscle tissue samples 2\u20135 was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Toronto (REB Protocol # 00044892).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"119"}}