{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1782783802063,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71303011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71303011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T05:21:21Z","timestamp":1539926481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A survey of availability, price and affordability of essential medicines from 2011 to 2016 in Chinese secondary and tertiary hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huajie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxia","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9859","key":"870_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2095\u2013128. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9859","key":"870_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","volume":"380","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197\u2013223. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"870_CR3","unstructured":"Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/global_health_risks\/en\/\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"issue":"9370","key":"870_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13375-2","volume":"361","author":"R Laing","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laing R, Waning B, Gray A, Ford N, Hoen ET. 25 years of the WHO essential medicines lists: progress and challenges. Lancet. 2003;361(9370):1723\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13375-2\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"870_CR5","unstructured":"Gelders, Susanne, Ewen, Margaret, Noguchi, Nakae, et al. Price, availability and affordability. An international comparison of chronic disease medicines. Comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o De Medicamentos. 2006. \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/collect\/medicinedocs\/index\/assoc\/s14135e\/s14135e.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-285P","volume":"13","author":"K Anita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anita K. Where are we now: assessing the price, availability and affordability of essential medicines in Delhi as India plans free medicine for all. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13(1):1\u201314. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-285P\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR7.1","unstructured":"Medicine prices: a new approach to measurement (2003). Working draft for field testing and revision. Geneva: World Health Organization & Health Action International"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR7.2","unstructured":"2003. Available from:   http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/67911\/WHO_EDM_PAR_2003.2.pdf;jsessionid=9AFA31EC6A0F690C1102A02F8E665D3E?sequence=1    [cited 2017 Mar 4]."},{"key":"870_CR8","unstructured":"Facts on essential medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from:\n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/factfiles\/essential_medicines\/essential_medicines_facts\/en\/\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Aug 10]."},{"issue":"9659","key":"870_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61762-6","volume":"373","author":"A Cameron","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, Ball D, Laing R. Medicine prices, availability, and affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9659):240\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61762-6\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"870_CR10","unstructured":"Opinions of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening the Health Care System Reform. Beijing: China Food and Drug Administration;2009. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.sda.gov.cn\/WS01\/CL0611\/41193.html\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Mar 10]."},{"key":"870_CR11","unstructured":"International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Cambridge MA: Management Sciences for Health; 2011. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/medicinedocs\/documents\/s18714en\/s18714en.pdf\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Jul 13]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR12.1","unstructured":"Bulletin of social service development statistics (2011) . Beijing: Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR12.2","unstructured":"2012. Available from:   http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2011\/indexch.htm    [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR13.1","unstructured":"Bulletin of social service development statistics (2012) . Beijing: Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR13.2","unstructured":"2012. Available from:   http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2012\/indexch.htm    [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR14.1","unstructured":"Bulletin of social service development statistics (2013). Beijing: Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR14.2","unstructured":"2012. Available from:   http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2013\/indexch.htm    [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR15.1","unstructured":"Bulletin of social service development statistics (2014) . Beijing: Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China"},{"key":"#cr-split#-870_CR15.2","unstructured":"2015. Available from:   http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2014\/indexch.htm    [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"key":"870_CR16","unstructured":"National Essential Medicines List (primary care section, 2009) . Beijing: The Ministry of Health; 2009. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.moh.gov.cn\/tigs\/\n                    \n                  s9660\/200908\/a45d3577d76541ed9c92e234d0be1860.shtml [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"key":"870_CR17","first-page":"423","volume-title":"China health statistics yearbook of 2010","author":"Editorial office of China Health Statistics Yearbook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Editorial office of China Health Statistics Yearbook. China health statistics yearbook of 2010. 1st ed. Beijing: Peking Union Medical College Press; 2010. p. 423.","edition":"1"},{"key":"870_CR18","unstructured":"PPPs and exchange rate . Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2013. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SNA_TABLE4\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Jul 13]."},{"key":"870_CR19","unstructured":"Retail price index. Beijing: National Bureau of Statistic of the People\u2019s Republic of China; 2016. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Mar 28]."},{"issue":"8","key":"870_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000333","volume":"7","author":"Laurens M. Ni\u00ebns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ni\u00ebns LM, Cameron A, Poel EV, Ewen M, Brouwer WBF, Laing R. Quantifying the impoverishing effects of purchasing medicines: a cross-country comparison of the affordability of medicines in the developing world. PLoS Med. 2010;7(8). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000333\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"870_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157765","volume":"11","author":"Jelena Arsenijevic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arsenijevic J, Pavlova M, Rechel B, Groot W. Catastrophic health care expenditure among older people with chronic diseases in 15 European countries. PLoS One. 2016;11(7). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0157765\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"870_CR22","unstructured":"Yafei S, Zhongliang Z, Min S, Meng M, Yongjian X, Jesse H. Catastrophic healthcare expenditure and its inequality for households with hypertension: evidence from the rural areas of Shaanxi Province in China. Int J Equity Health, 2017;16:27. doi: 10.1186%2Fs12939-e016-0506-6."},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR23","first-page":"e1","volume":"5","author":"M Logan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Logan M, Basil BG, Minsup S, Paul G. Financial burden of household out-of-pocket expenditures for prescription drugs: cross-sectional analysis based on national survey data. Open Med. 2011;5(1):e1\u20139.","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1735-5.","volume":"16","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X, Sun X, Zhao Y, Meng Q. Financial protection of rural health insurance for patients with hypertension and diabetes: repeated cross-sectional surveys in rural China. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):481. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-016-1735-5.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"870_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.097998","volume":"91","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Ying C, Sufang G, Brant P, Bin L, Hipgrave D. Evaluation, in three provinces, of the introduction and impact of China's National Essential Medicines Scheme. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(3):184\u201394. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.11.097998\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9867","key":"870_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62128-X","volume":"381","author":"HV Hogerzeil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hogerzeil HV, Liberman J, Wirtz VJ, Kishore SP, Selvaraj S, Kiddell-Monroe R, et al. Promotion of access to essential medicines for non-communicable diseases: practical implications of the UN political declaration. Lancet. 2013;381(9867):680\u20139. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62128-X\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"870_CR27","unstructured":"Financing, pricing, and utilization of pharmaceuticals in China: the road to reform policy (Vol. 2) : Main report (Chinese).Washington,DC: World Bank; 2010. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/590351468018625366\/Main-report\n                    \n                   [cited 2017 Jun 5]."},{"issue":"4","key":"870_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e227","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70072-X","volume":"1","author":"Y Fang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fang Y, Wagner AK, Yang S, Jiang M, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D. Access to affordable medicines after health reform: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys in Shaanxi Province, western China. Lancet Global health. 2013;1(4):e227\u2013e37. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70072-X\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet Global health"},{"key":"870_CR29","unstructured":"Statistical analysis report on drug circulation industry in 2014 Beijing: Ministry of Commerce of the People\u2019s republic of China Department of Market Supervision; c2003\u20132017. Available from \n                    http:\/\/sczxs.mofcom.gov.cn\/article\/dyplwz\/bh\/201506\/20150601017235.shtml\n                    \n                  [cited 2017 Jun 20]."},{"issue":"9648","key":"870_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61364-1","volume":"372","author":"S Tang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang S, Meng Q, Chen L, Bekedam H, Evans T, Whitehead M. Health system reform in China 1: tackling the challenges to health equity in China. Lancet. 2008;372(9648):1493\u2013501. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61364-1\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0614-y","volume":"16","author":"J Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun J, Luo H. Evaluation on equality and efficiency of health resources allocation and health services utilization in China. Inter J Equity in Health. 2017;16(1):127. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-017-0614-y\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Inter J Equity in Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"870_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-39","volume":"12","author":"H Da","year":"2013","unstructured":"Da H, Hao Y, Chen Y. Equity in the distribution of CT and MRI in China: a panel analysis[J]. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12(1):1\u201315. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-9276-12-39\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"870_CR33","unstructured":"Lin, C. G. (2011). The research of china's basic medical and health services in rural areas and effective ways of supply--a case study by tianjin (Order No. 10487676). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global A&I: The Humanities and Social Sciences Collection. (1870686391). Retrieved from \n                    https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/docview\/1870686391?accountid=44932"},{"issue":"3","key":"870_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040082","volume":"4","author":"ZUD Babar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Babar ZUD, Ibrahim MIM, Singh H, Bukahri NI, Creese A. Evaluating drug prices, availability, affordability, and price components: implications for access to drugs in Malaysia. PLoS Med. 2007;4(3):1. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040082\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"870_CR35","volume-title":"A survey of medicine prices, availability and affordability in Shanghai, China using the WHO\/HAI methodology research report","author":"L Ye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ye L. A survey of medicine prices, availability and affordability in Shanghai, China using the WHO\/HAI methodology research report. 2006."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1571426132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-018-0870-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval is not required for conducting this type of survey in China, because our study and team members have no direct contact with human subjects (reference file # Science and Education Department of Ministry of Health [2007] 17# ). All of the information from institutions or study-related persons was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any data from any individual person, so consent for publication is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"158"}}