{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:36:29Z","timestamp":1790710589489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008391","name":"UBS Optimus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBS Optimus Foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBS Optimus Foundation"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grand Challenges Canada"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grand Challenges Canada"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In some areas of the world, breast milk is seen as a potential source of child diarrhoea. While this belief has been explored in African and Southeast Asian countries, it remains vastly understudied in Latin American contexts. We investigate socio-cultural factors contributing to breastfeeding cessation in rural high-altitude populations of the Peruvian Andes. The role of socio- cultural factors in the local explanatory model of child diarrhoea, and whether these perceptions were integrated in the local healthcare system were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the framework of a randomised controlled trial, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 mothers and 15 health personnel from local healthcare centres involved in the trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cultural beliefs on breastfeeding cessation included the perception that breast milk turned into \u201cblood\u201d after six months and that breastfeeding caused child diarrhoea. We identified eight local types of child diarrhoea, and women linked six of them with breastfeeding practices. \u201cInfection\u201d was the only diarrhoea mothers linked to hygiene and the germ disease concept and perceived as treatable through drug therapy. Women believed that other types of diarrhoea could not be treated within the formal healthcare sector. Interviews with health personnel revealed no protocol for, or consensus about, the integration of the local explanatory model of child diarrhoea in local healthcare and service provision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The local explanatory model in rural Andean Peru connected breastfeeding with child diarrhoeas. Cultural beliefs regarding diarrhoea management may increase home treatments, even in cases of severe diarrhoeal episodes. Future national breastfeeding support programmes should promote peer-counselling approaches to reduce negative attitudes towards breastfeeding and health practitioners. Local explanatory models should be incorporated into provincial and regional strategies for child diarrhoea management to promote equity in health and improve provider-patient relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1626418974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Socio-cultural factors for breastfeeding cessation and their relationship with child diarrhoea in the rural high-altitude Peruvian Andes \u2013 a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Nu\u00f1o Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordyn","family":"Wallenborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"M\u00e4usezahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella M.","family":"Hartinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Muela Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1505_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","volume":"18","author":"C Troeger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Troeger C, Blacker BF, Khalil IA, Rao PC, Cao S, Zimsen SRM, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1211\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.1.328S","volume":"133","author":"KH Brown","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brown KH. Diarrhea and malnutrition. J Nutr. 2003;133(1):328S-32S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/133.1.328S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1505_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn099","volume":"37","author":"W Checkley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Checkley W, Buckley G, Gilman RH, Assis AM, Guerrant RL, Morris SS, et al. Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(4):816\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyn099.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1505_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12015","volume":"7","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warren-Gash C, Fragaszy E, Hayward AC. Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013;7(5):738\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/irv.12015.","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"9608","key":"1505_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0","volume":"371","author":"RE Black","year":"2008","unstructured":"Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008;371(9608):243\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1505_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239","volume":"10","author":"RL Guerrant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guerrant RL, DeBoer MD, Moore SR, Scharf RJ, Lima AA. The impoverished gut\u2013a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(4):220\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.239.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1505_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0408-y","volume":"16","author":"RJ Scharf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scharf RJ, Deboer MD, Guerrant RL. Recent advances in understanding the long-term sequelae of childhood infectious diarrhea. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16(6):408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-014-0408-y.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"10017","key":"1505_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01024-7","volume":"387","author":"CG Victora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, Franca GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016;387(10017):475\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01024-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1505_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520340848","volume-title":"Patients and healers in the context of culture. An exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry","author":"A Kleinman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture. An exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1980."},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90159-1","volume":"27","author":"MG Weiss","year":"1988","unstructured":"Weiss MG. Cultural models of diarrheal illness: conceptual framework and review. Soc Sci Med. 1988;27(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90159-1.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1505_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1o N, Muela J, Hausmann-Muela S, Cevallos M, Hartinger S, Christen A, et al. The Meanings of water: socio-cultural perceptions of solar disinfected (SODIS) drinking water in Bolivia and implications for its uptake. Water. 2020;12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w12020442.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12020442"},{"key":"1505_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292002000300003","volume":"2","author":"ML V\u00e1zquez","year":"2002","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez ML, Mosquera M, Kroeger A. People\u2019s concepts on diarrhea and dehydration in Nicaragua: the difficulty of the intercultural dialogue. Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Materno Infant. 2002;2:223\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1519-38292002000300003.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Sa\u00fade Materno Infant"},{"issue":"8","key":"1505_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00430-0","volume":"43","author":"M Pitts","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pitts M, McMaster J, Hartmann T, Mausezahl D. Lay beliefs about diarrhoeal diseases: their role in health education in a developing country. Soc Sci Med. 1996;43(8):1223\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00430-0.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR14","first-page":"35","volume":"12","author":"PN Nkwi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nkwi PN. Perceptions and treatment of diarrhoeal diseases in Cameroon. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1994;12(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"J Diarrhoeal Dis Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-690","volume":"11","author":"T Rheinl\u00e4nder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rheinl\u00e4nder T, Samuelsen H, Dalsgaard A, Konradsen F. Perspectives on child diarrhoea management and health service use among ethnic minority caregivers in Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-690.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1505_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309338867","volume":"19","author":"J Pylypa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pylypa J. Elder authority and the situational diagnosis of diarrheal disease as normal infant development in Northeast Thailand. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(7):965\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732309338867.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/713650590","volume":"7","author":"M Mabilia","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mabilia M. The cultural context of childhood diarrhoea among Gogo infants. Anthropol Med. 2000;7(2):191\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/713650590.","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR18","first-page":"97","volume":"18","author":"HN Ene-Obong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ene-Obong HN, Iroegbu CU, Uwaegbute AC. Perceived causes and management of diarrhoea in young children by market women in Enugu State,\u00a0Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr. 2000;18(2):97\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1505_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90320-p","volume":"34","author":"DS Mull","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mull DS. Mother\u2019s milk and pseudoscientific breastmilk testing in Pakistan. Soc Sci Med. 1992;34(11):1277\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90320-p.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1505_CR20","volume-title":"Anthropology and international health. Asian case studies","author":"M Nichter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nichter M, Nichter M. Anthropology and international health. Asian case studies. The Netherlands: Gordon and Breach; 1996."},{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172763","volume":"12","author":"I Tromp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tromp I, Kiefte-de Jong J, Raat H, Jaddoe V, Franco O, Hofman A, et al. Breastfeeding and the risk of respiratory tract infections after infancy: The Generation R Study. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0172763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172763.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10017","key":"1505_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2","volume":"387","author":"NC Rollins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rollins NC, Bhandari N, Hajeebhoy N, Horton S, Lutter CK, Martines JC, et al. Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? Lancet. 2016;387(10017):491\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01044-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"1505_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.169912","volume":"95","author":"F Ladomenou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ladomenou F, Moschandreas J, Kafatos A, Tselentis Y, Galanakis E. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding against infections during infancy: a prospective study. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(12):1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2009.169912.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"1505_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1416459","volume":"69","author":"L Pecoraro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pecoraro L, Agostoni C, Pepaj O, Pietrobelli A. Behind human milk and breastfeeding: not only food. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2018;69(6):641\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09637486.2017.1416459.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1505_CR25","volume-title":"Infant and young child feeding","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","year":"2011","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Infant and young child feeding. New York: UNICEF; 2011."},{"key":"1505_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-1-18","volume":"1","author":"DA Forster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Forster DA, McLachlan HL, Lumley J. Factors associated with breastfeeding at six months postpartum in a group of Australian women. Int Breastfeed J. 2006;1:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4358-1-18.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1505_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2004702","volume":"8","author":"YJ Kelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelly YJ, Watt RG. Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive duration at 6\u2009months by social class\u2013results from the Millennium Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(4):417\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/phn2004702.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1505_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-262","volume":"14","author":"T Yeneabat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yeneabat T, Belachew T, Haile M. Determinants of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in Ankesha Guagusa Woreda, Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2393-14-262.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"7620","key":"1505_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39279.656343.55","volume":"335","author":"L Su","year":"2007","unstructured":"Su L, Chong Y, Chan Y, Chan Y, Fok D, Tun K, et al. Antenatal education and postnatal support strategies for improving rates of exclusive breast feeding: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2007;335(7620):596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39279.656343.55.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1505_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0170","volume":"12","author":"JT Wallenborn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wallenborn JT, Ihongbe T, Rozario S, Masho SW. Knowledge of breastfeeding recommendations and breastfeeding duration: a survival analysis on infant feeding practices II. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12:156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bfm.2016.0170.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"issue":"S1","key":"1505_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900315X","volume":"23","author":"K Curi-Quinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Curi-Quinto K, Ortiz-Panozo E, L\u00f3pez de Roma\u00f1a D. Malnutrition in all its forms and socio-economic disparities in children under 5\u2009years of age and women of reproductive age in Peru. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(S1):89\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S136898001900315X.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1505_CR32","volume-title":"Encuesta Demogr\u00e1ficay de Salud Familiar-ENDES 2016","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica","year":"2017","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica. Encuesta Demogr\u00e1ficay de Salud Familiar-ENDES 2016. Lima: INEI; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-2-23","volume":"2","author":"S Froemming","year":"2006","unstructured":"Froemming S. Traditional use of the Andean flicker (Colaptes rupicola) as a galactagogue in the Peruvian Andes. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4269-2-23.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-018-0271-2","volume":"14","author":"M Monteban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Monteban M, Yucra Velasquez V, Yucra Velasquez B. Comparing Indigenous and public health infant feeding recommendations in Peru: opportunities for optimizing intercultural health policies. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13002-018-0271-2.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-8-26","volume":"8","author":"S Mathez-Stiefel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mathez-Stiefel S, Vandebroek I, Rist S. Can Andean medicine coexist with biomedical healthcare? A comparison of two rural communities in Peru and Bolivia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2012;8(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4269-8-26.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"issue":"17","key":"1505_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(83)90018-7","volume":"17","author":"GJ Escobar","year":"1983","unstructured":"Escobar GJ, Salazar E, Chuy M. Beliefs regarding the etiology and treatment of infantile diarrhea in Lima. Peru Soc Sci Med. 1983;17(17):1257\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(83)90018-7.","journal-title":"Peru Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1505_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hartinger SM, Nu\u00f1o N, Verastegui H, Ortiz M, M\u00e4usezahl D. A factorial randomised controlled trial to combine early child development and environmental interventions to reduce the negative effects of poverty on child health and development: rationale, trial design and baseline findings. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(73). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-00950-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00950-y"},{"key":"1505_CR38","volume-title":"Social research methods","author":"A Bryman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bryman A. Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1525\/maq.1994.8.1.02a00020","volume":"8","author":"EC Green","year":"1994","unstructured":"Green EC, Jurg A, Djedje A. The snake in the stomach: child diarrhea in Central Mozambique. Med Anthropol Q. 1994;8(1):4\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/maq.1994.8.1.02a00020.","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"1505_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 31-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"1505_CR41","volume-title":"Howmany rooms are there in your house?\u00a0Constructing the young lives wealth index","author":"K Briones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Briones K. Howmany rooms are there in your house?\u00a0Constructing the young lives wealth index. Oxford: UKAid; 2017."},{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-7987(81)90036-3","volume":"15","author":"E Messer","year":"1981","unstructured":"Messer E. Hot-cold classification: theoretical and practical implications of a Mexican study. Soc Sci Med. 1981;15(2):133\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0160-7987(81)90036-3.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1505_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)12313-2","volume":"53","author":"RB Mazess","year":"1968","unstructured":"Mazess RB. Hot-cold food beliefs among Andean peasants. J Am Diet Assoc. 1968;53(2):109\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1505_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00162-2","volume":"47","author":"AC Larme","year":"1998","unstructured":"Larme AC. Environment, vulnerability, and gender in Andean ethnomedicine. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(8):1005\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00162-2.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1505_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90369-3","volume":"27","author":"N Reissland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reissland N, Burghart R. The quality of a mother\u2019s milk and the health of her child: beliefs and practices of the women of Mithila. Soc Sci Med. 1988;27(5):461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90369-3.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1505_CR46","volume-title":"Medicina y cultura: estudios entre la medicina y la antropolog\u00eda","author":"ML Esteban","year":"2000","unstructured":"Esteban ML. La maternidad como cultura. Algunas cuestiones sobre lactancia materna y cuidado infantil. In: Pedriguero E, Comelles JM, editors. Medicina y cultura: estudios entre la medicina y la antropolog\u00eda. Barcelona: Bellaterra; 2000."},{"key":"1505_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.10.015","volume":"69","author":"V Thorley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thorley V. Is breastfeeding \u2018normal\u2019? Using the right language for breastfeeding. Midwifery. 2019;69:39\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2018.10.015.","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2011.01401.x","volume":"114","author":"HN Fouts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fouts HN, Hewlett BS, Lamb ME. A biocultural approach to breastfeeding interactions in Central Africa. Am Anthropol. 2012;114(1):123\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2011.01401.x.","journal-title":"Am Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1505_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0964-0282.2007.00022.x","volume":"15","author":"M Clarke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clarke M. The modernity of milk kinship. Soc Anthropol. 2007;15(3):287\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0964-0282.2007.00022.x.","journal-title":"Soc Anthropol"},{"issue":"45","key":"1505_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/0816464042000278972","volume":"19","author":"R Shaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shaw R. The virtues of cross-nursing and the \u2018yuk factor. Aust Fem Stud. 2004;19(45):287\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0816464042000278972.","journal-title":"Aust Fem Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"1505_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000137217.97573.01","volume":"47","author":"KA Dettwyler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dettwyler KA. When to wean: biological versus cultural perspectives. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;47(3):712\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.grf.0000137217.97573.01.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1505_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659605278942","volume":"16","author":"J Dodgson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dodgson J, Struthers R. Indigenous women\u2019s voices: marginalization and health. J Transcult Nurs. 2005;16:339\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043659605278942.","journal-title":"J Transcult Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"1505_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180185","volume":"12","author":"TM Swigart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swigart TM, Bonvecchio A, Th\u00e9odore FL, Zamudio-Haas S, Villanueva-Borbolla MA, Thrasher JF. Breastfeeding practices, beliefs, and social norms in low-resource communities in Mexico: insights for how to improve future promotion strategies. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0180185.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1505_CR54","volume-title":"Social lives of medicines","author":"SR White","year":"2002","unstructured":"White SR, Van der Geest S, Hardon A. Social lives of medicines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90165-7","volume":"27","author":"ME Bentley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bentley ME. The household management of childhood diarrhea in rural north India. Soc Sci Med. 1988;27(1):75\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90165-7.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1505_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1771","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1970","volume":"131","author":"L Ecker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ecker L, Ochoa TJ, Vargas M, Del Valle LJ, Ruiz J. Factors affecting caregivers\u2019 use of antibiotics available without a prescription in Peru. Pediatrics. 2013;131(6):e1771-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-1970.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2127-1","volume":"15","author":"E Carter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter E, Bryce J, Perin J, Newby H. Harmful practices in the management of childhood diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2127-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1505_CR58","volume-title":"The treatment of diarrhoea. A manual for physicians and other senior health workers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The treatment of diarrhoea. A manual for physicians and other senior health workers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005."},{"issue":"11","key":"1505_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-9684(15)31505-4","volume":"100","author":"S Saha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saha S, Beach MC, Cooper LA. Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100(11):1275\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0027-9684(15)31505-4.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"1505_CR60","volume-title":"Traditional medicine. A global perspective","author":"SB Kayne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kayne SB. Traditional medicine. A global perspective. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4052-y","volume":"17","author":"MH Kahissay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kahissay MH, Fenta TG, Boon H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4052-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1505_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00128-T","volume":"41","author":"P Hudelson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hudelson P, Huanca T, Charaly D, Cirpa V. Ethnographic studies of ARI in Bolivia and their use by the national ARI programme. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(12):1677\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00128-T.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1505_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90216-8","volume":"19","author":"C Kendall","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kendall C, Foote D, Martorell R. Ethnomedicine and oral rehydration therapy: a case study of ethnomedical investigation and program planning. Soc Sci Med. 1984;19(3):253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90216-8.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90167-0","volume":"27","author":"SCM Scrimshaw","year":"1988","unstructured":"Scrimshaw SCM, Hurtado E. Anthropological involvement in the Central American diarrheal disease control project. Soc Sci Med. 1988;27(1):97\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90167-0.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90168-2","volume":"27","author":"ME Bentley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bentley ME, Pelto GH, Straus WL, Schumann DA, Adegbola C, de la Pena E, et al. Rapid ethnographic assessment: applications in a diarrhea management program. Soc Sci Med. 1988;27(1):107\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90168-2.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1505_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-99","volume":"14","author":"M Truong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Truong M, Paradies Y, Priest N. Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-14-99.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3001-5","volume":"18","author":"C Jongen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jongen C, McCalman J, Bainbridge R. Health workforce cultural competency interventions: a systematic scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3001-5.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1473-8","volume":"18","author":"MS Fewtrell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fewtrell MS, Mohd S, NH, Wells JCK. \u2018Optimising\u2019 breastfeeding: what can we learn from evolutionary, comparative and anthropological aspects of lactation? BMC Med. 2020;18(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1473-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1505_CR69","first-page":"217","volume":"25","author":"I Olza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olza I, Ruiz-Berd\u00fan D, Villarmea S. La culpa de las madres. Promover la lactancia materna sin presionar a las mujeres. Dilemata Revista Internacional de \u00c9ticas Aplicadas. 2017;25:217\u201325.","journal-title":"Dilemata Revista Internacional de \u00c9ticas Aplicadas"},{"issue":"3","key":"1505_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334410369481","volume":"26","author":"DJ Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman DJ, Morel K, Anderson AK, Damio G, P\u00e9rez-Escamilla R. Breastfeeding peer counseling: from efficacy through scale-up. J Hum Lact. 2010;26(3):314\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890334410369481.","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"issue":"5","key":"1505_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177434","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177434","volume":"12","author":"P Shakya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shakya P, Kunieda MK, Koyama M, Rai SS, Miyaguchi M, Dhakal S, et al. Effectiveness of community-based peer support for mothers to improve their breastfeeding practices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177434.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"1505_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142718","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142718","volume":"10","author":"L Chola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chola L, Fadnes LT, Engebretsen IM, Nkonki L, Nankabirwa V, Sommerfelt H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of peer counselling for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0142718.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0192-5","volume":"15","author":"L Nkonki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nkonki L, Tugendhaft A, Hofman K. A systematic review of economic evaluations of CHW interventions aimed at improving child health outcomes. Hum Resour Health. 2017;15(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12960-017-0192-5.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-016-0077-6","volume":"11","author":"R Haider","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haider R, Saha KK. Breastfeeding and infant growth outcomes in the context of intensive peer counselling support in two communities in Bangladesh. Int Breastfeed J. 2016;11(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-016-0077-6.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"1505_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-1-19","volume":"1","author":"J Nankunda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nankunda J, Tumwine JK, Soltvedt A, Semiyaga N, Ndeezi G, Tyllesk\u00e4r T. Community based peer counsellors for support of exclusive breastfeeding: experiences from rural Uganda. Int Breastfeed J. 2006;1:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-4358-1-19.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1505_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00287-8","volume":"15","author":"J Rujumba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rujumba J, Ndeezi G, Nankabirwa V, Kwagala M, Mukochi M, Diallo AH, et al. \u201cIf I have money, I cannot allow my baby to breastfeed only \u2026\u201d barriers and facilitators to scale-up of peer counselling for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00287-8.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T11:42:48Z","timestamp":1672832568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01505-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.25.21252475","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for IHIP-2 trial (trial registry: ISRCTN26548981) was obtained from the ethics commissions of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) and the Cajamarca Regional Health Authority. Additional ethical approval for our study was obtained from the ethics commission of the UPCH (Ref. 61065). All women participants signed an informed consent form, and health personnel provided tape-recorded consent. We deleted community designations and participant names to ensure compliance with ethical principles of research. The information obtained from the study was treated confidentially.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"165"}}