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However, studies investigating social inequalities in limited lung function are rare. Thus, the current study investigates which socioeconomic groups are the most affected by overall limited lung function and severely limited lung function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from the population-based German Aging Survey were used (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094472), with participants being 40\u2009+\u2009years old. Lung function was assessed by the peak flow test. Education, income, and occupational prestige were used as socioeconomic indicators.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found that overall limited lung function was highly prevalent across the whole sample, with about 33% (Women: 35%; Men: 30%) having overall limited lung function and 8% (Women: 7%; Men: 8%) having severely limited lung function. Socioeconomic differences in limited lung function emerged for all three indicators, education, income, and occupational prestige, in both men and women in single effect analyses. These differences persisted for occupational prestige and income when controlling for all indicators simultaneously.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thus, overall and severely limited lung function are highly prevalent health conditions. Men and women with a low occupational position and those with low income are the most affected. Socioeconomic indicators cannot be used interchangeably when studying health inequalities in lung functioning. Occupational hazards and physical working conditions are likely to constitute major risks of health inequalities in limited lung functioning and should be investigated as such by future studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T03:37:19Z","timestamp":1720582639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Socioeconomic differences in limited lung function: a cross-sectional study of middle-aged and older adults in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Beller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Batoul","family":"Safieddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Sperlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Tetzlaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr503","volume":"176","author":"MH Roberts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roberts MH, Mapel DW. 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J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:491\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T04:04:29Z","timestamp":1720584269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02224-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics board approval was not required for the current study, because only secondary data analysis of the completely anonymized data was conducted, and ethical approval is not mandatory for general surveys in Germany when anonymized data are analyzed. The permanent advisory board to the German Ageing Survey concluded that the German Ageing Survey study also did not need approval from an ethics committee because it did not meet the criteria for requiring an ethical statement (risk for the respondents, lack of information about the aims of the study, examination of patients). This rationale is supported by the German Research Foundation-guidelines available at . The German Ageing Survey meets the ethical standards delineated in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments. Prior to the interview, written informed consent was given by all participants of the study. The permanent advisory board of the German Centre of Gerontology, however, approved of the sampling method, the consent to participate and the instruments used in the study, which were also in line with national regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"138"}}