{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:57:09Z","timestamp":1776920229386,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR-20-989-54777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-989-54777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR-20-989-54777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-989-54777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR-20-989-54777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-989-54777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR-20-989-54777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-989-54777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013885","name":"Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRR-20-989-54777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-20-989-54777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T15:26:23Z","timestamp":1739460383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban-rural outpatient primary care utilisation in Malaysia: a retrospective time series and spatiotemporal analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5335-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izzatur Rahmi","family":"Mohd Ujang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jabrullah","family":"Ab Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8493-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Normaizira","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asnida Anjang","family":"Ab Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8927-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajini","family":"Sooryanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao H, Dai X, Wagenaar BH, Liu F, Augusto O, Guo Y et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health services utilization in China: time-series analyses for 2016\u20132020. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100122"},{"key":"2406_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab047","volume":"31","author":"CM Roy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roy CM, Brennan Bollman E, Carson LM, Northrop AJ, Jackson EF, Moresky RT. Assessing the indirect effects of COVID-19 on healthcare delivery, utilization and health outcomes: a scoping review. Eur J Pub Health. 2021;31:634\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"2406_CR3","unstructured":"Institute for Health Systems Research. Malaysia Health Sector response to COVID-19 pandemic: Hope despite Adversity. Selangor MYS; 2021."},{"key":"2406_CR4","unstructured":"Institute for Health Systems Research. Malaysia Health Sector response to COVID-19 pandemic. Selangor MYS; 2020."},{"key":"2406_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.46754\/jssm.2021.12.008","volume":"16","author":"SM Said","year":"2021","unstructured":"Said SM, Manap NA, Rahman ZA, Exploring the law on, the movement control order in Malaysia to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. J Sustain Sci Manag. 2021;16:105\u201317.","journal-title":"J Sustain Sci Manag"},{"key":"2406_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002974","volume":"5","author":"P Yerger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yerger P, Jalloh M, Coltart CEM, King C. Barriers to maternal health services during the Ebola outbreak in three west African countries: a literature review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e002974.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2406_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13113","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013113","volume":"19","author":"P Mulenga-Cilundika","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulenga-Cilundika P, Ekofo J, Kabanga C, Criel B, Van Damme W, Chenge F. Indirect effects of Ebola Virus Disease Epidemics on Health Systems in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia: a scoping review supplemented with Expert interviews. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:13113.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2406_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Maintaining essential health services: operational guidance for the COVID-19 context: interim guidance, 1 June 2020. World Health Organization; 2020."},{"key":"2406_CR9","first-page":"1926","volume":"11","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhuo L, Zhang J, Yang W, Liu G, Zhan S, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Outpatient Service in Primary Healthcare institutions: an inspiration from Yinchuan of China. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2022;11:1926\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2406_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman B, Arvidsson E, Thulesius H, Wilkens J, Cronberg O. Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on primary care utilization: evidence from Sweden using national register data. BMC Res Notes. 2021;14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05839-7"},{"key":"2406_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wambua S, Malla L, Mbevi G, Kandiah J, Nwosu AP, Tuti T et al. Quantifying the indirect impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of outpatient and immunisation services in Kenya: a longitudinal study using interrupted time series analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055815"},{"key":"2406_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1355819615600001","volume":"21","author":"E Saurman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saurman E. Improving access: modifying Penchansky and Thomas\u2019s theory of access. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2016;21:36\u20139.","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"2406_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long AS, Hanlon AL, Pellegrin KL. Socioeconomic variables explain rural disparities in US mortality rates: implications for rural health research and policy. SSM Popul Health. 2018;6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.08.009"},{"key":"2406_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e045343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045343","volume":"11","author":"R Moynihan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moynihan R, Sanders S, Michaleff ZA, Scott AM, Clark J, To EJ, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e045343.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2406_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaglio G, Cavallin F, Nsubuga JB, Lochoro P, Maziku D, Tsegaye A et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health service use in sub-saharan Africa. Public Health Action 2022;12.","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.21.0073"},{"key":"2406_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2014.22.402-405","volume":"22","author":"EC Fradelos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fradelos EC, Papathanasiou IV, Mitsi D, Tsaras K, Kleisiaris CF, Kourkouta L. Health based geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications. Acta Informatica Med. 2014;22:402\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Informatica Med"},{"key":"2406_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahasan R, Alam MS, Chakraborty T, Hossain MM. Applications of GIS and geospatial analyses in COVID-19 research: a systematic review. F1000Res. 2020;9.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27544.1"},{"key":"2406_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang YN, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li F, Pender M, Wang N et al. Reduction in healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003421"},{"key":"2406_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh P, Cartone A. A spatio-temporal analysis of COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Reg Sci Policy Pract. 2020;12.","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12376"},{"key":"2406_CR20","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia. Health White Paper For Malaysia. 2023."},{"key":"2406_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2011.e23","volume":"2","author":"S Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas S, Beh L, Nordin R, Bin. Health care delivery in Malaysia: changes, challenges and champions. J Public Health Afr. 2011;2:93\u20137.","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"key":"2406_CR22","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia. Annual Report Ministry of Health Malaysia 2020. Putrajaya; 2020."},{"key":"2406_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim HM, Sivasampu S, Khoo EM, Mohamad Noh K. Chasm in primary care provision in a universal health system: findings from a nationally representative survey of health facilities in Malaysia. PLoS ONE. 2017;12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172229"},{"key":"2406_CR24","unstructured":"DOSM. Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. 2020. Putrajaya; 2022."},{"key":"2406_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500208","volume":"15","author":"A Linden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Linden A. Conducting interrupted time-series analysis for single-and multiple-group comparisons. Stata J. 2015;15:480\u2013500.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2406_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keene ON. The log transformation is special. Stat Med. 1995;14.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140810"},{"key":"2406_CR27","unstructured":"Baum C, Schaffer M. ACTEST: Stata module to perform Cumby-Huizinga general test for autocorrelation in time series. 2015."},{"key":"2406_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/covid1030049","volume":"1","author":"K Rajendran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajendran K, Ahmad N, Singh S, Heng L-C, Ismail R, Shaharudin R, et al. The effect of movement control order for various population mobility phases during COVID-19 in Malaysia. Covid. 2021;1:590\u2013601.","journal-title":"Covid"},{"key":"2406_CR29","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project; 2020."},{"key":"2406_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229345","volume":"15","author":"DG Jenkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jenkins DG, Quintana-Ascencio PF. A solution to minimum sample size for regressions. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0229345.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2406_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e056086","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056086","volume":"12","author":"J Dupraz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dupraz J, Le Pogam MA, Peytremann-Bridevaux I. Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on in-person outpatient care utilisation: a rapid review. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e056086.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2406_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57142-7","volume":"14","author":"V Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan V, Ang G, Tan KB, Chen C. Impact of COVID-19 national response on primary care utilisation in Singapore: an interrupted time-series analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:6408.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2406_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland K, Chessman J, Zhao J, Sara G, Shetty A, Smith S et al. Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare activity in NSW, Australia. Public Health Res Pract. 2020;30.","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp3042030"},{"key":"2406_CR34","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2023: Non-Communicable Diseases and Healthcare Demand: Technical Report. Shah Alam, MYS; 2024."},{"key":"2406_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hing NYL, Leong CT, Subramaniam Kalianan R, Lim WY, Loo CE, Woon YL. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Healthcare Services in Malaysia from the perspective of Healthcare providers: a cross-sectional analysis. Preprints (Basel). 2022;:2022030378.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202203.0378.v1"},{"key":"2406_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013397","volume":"8","author":"IR Mohd Ujang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohd Ujang IR, Hamidi N, Ab Hamid J, Awang S, Zulkifli NW, Supadi R, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and disruptions to maternal and child health services in public primary care Malaysia: a retrospective time-series analysis. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2406_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moynihan R, Johansson M, Maybee A, Lang E, L\u00e9gar\u00e9 F. Covid-19: an opportunity to reduce unnecessary healthcare. BMJ. 2020;370.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2752"},{"key":"2406_CR38","unstructured":"Sorenson C, Japinga M, Crook H, McClellan M. Building a better health care system post-covid-19: steps for reducing low-value and wasteful care. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2020;1."},{"key":"2406_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Ujang IR, Hamidi N, Awang S, on Public Health. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on outpatient service in public primary care clinics in Malaysia \u2013 8th Asia Pacific Conference. 2022. https:\/\/apcph.cphm.my\/2022\/07\/the-impact-of-covid-19-pandemic-on-outpatient-service-in-public-primary-care-clinics-in-malaysia\/. Accessed 14 Jun 2024.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013397"},{"key":"2406_CR40","unstructured":"Sivasampu S, Wahab YF, Ong SM, Ismail SA, Goh PP, Jeyaindran S. National Medical Care Statistics (NMCS) 2014. Kuala Lumpur; 2016."},{"key":"2406_CR41","unstructured":"Institute for Health Systems Research. Quality Assurance Programme Technical Report 2022. Setia Alam, Selangor; 2024."},{"key":"2406_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aklilu TM, Abebe W, Worku A, Tadele H, Haile T, Shimelis D et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on Care Seeking Behavior of Patients at Tertiary Care Follow-up Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Telephone Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. medRxiv. 2020;28.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.25.20236224"},{"key":"2406_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devakumar D, Bhopal SS, Shannon G. COVID-19: the great unequaliser. J R Soc Med. 2020;113.","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076820925434"},{"issue":"3","key":"2406_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30359-3","volume":"8","author":"J Dorward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dorward J, Khubone T, Gate K, Ngobese H, Sookrajh Y, Mkhize S, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on HIV care in 65 South African primary care clinics: an interrupted time series analysis. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(3):e158\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2406_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e059374","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059374","volume":"12","author":"T Watt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watt T, Sullivan R, Aggarwal A. Primary care and cancer: an analysis of the impact and inequalities of the COVID-19 pandemic on patient pathways. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e059374.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2406_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim JH, Adman MA, Hashim Z, Mohd Radi MF, Kwan SC. COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia: Epidemic Progression, challenges, and response. Front Public Health. 2021;9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.560592"},{"key":"2406_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamidi S, Sabouri S, Ewing R. Does Density aggravate the COVID-19 pandemic? Early findings and lessons for planners. J Am Plann Association. 2020;86.","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2020.1777891"},{"key":"2406_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aw SB, Teh BT, Ling GHT, Leng PC, Chan WH, Ahmad MH. The covid-19 pandemic situation in Malaysia: lessons learned from the perspective of population density. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126566"},{"key":"2406_CR49","volume-title":"National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: vol. II: Healthcare demand","author":"Institute for Health Systems Research","year":"2020","unstructured":"Institute for Health Systems Research. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: vol. II: Healthcare demand. Shah Alam: Institute for Public Health & Institute for Health Systems Research; 2020."},{"key":"2406_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greteman BB, Garcia-Auguste CJ, Gryzlak BM, Kahl AR, Lutgendorf SK, Chrischilles EA et al. Rural and urban differences in perceptions, behaviors, and health care disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Rural Health. 2022;:932\u201344.","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12667"},{"issue":"4437","key":"2406_CR51","first-page":"4437","volume":"17","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen HH. Differences in preventive behaviors of COVID-19 between urban and rural residents: lessons learned from a cross-sectional study in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020. 2020;17(4437):17:4437.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020"},{"key":"2406_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12556","volume":"37","author":"T Callaghan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Callaghan T, Lueck JA, Trujillo KL, Ferdinand AO. Rural and urban differences in COVID-19 Prevention behaviors. J Rural Health. 2021;37:287\u201395.","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"2406_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286953","volume":"18","author":"LA Maciejko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maciejko LA, Fox JM, Steffens MT, Patten CA, Newman HR, Decker PA, et al. Rural and urban residents\u2019 attitudes and preferences toward COVID-19 prevention behaviors in a midwestern community. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0286953.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2406_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen Ng S, Yea Hwong W, Husin M, Ab Rahman N, Hairizan Nasir N, Juval K et al. Assessing the availability of Teleconsultation and the extent of its use in Malaysian public primary care Clinics: cross-sectional study. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/34485","DOI":"10.2196\/34485"},{"key":"2406_CR55","unstructured":"Ibrahim NH. Virtual Clinic: MOH\u2019s experience. 2024. https:\/\/storage.unitedwebnetwork.com\/files\/290\/44eaf6af01b97fe460ef80d5e1ce6400.pdf. Accessed 21 Aug 2024."},{"key":"2406_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linden A, Adams JL. Applying a propensity score-based weighting model to interrupted time series data: improving causal inference in programme evaluation. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01504.x"},{"key":"2406_CR57","unstructured":"Bero L, Eccles M, Grilli R, Grimshaw J, Gruen RL, Mayhew A et al. About The Cochrane Collaboration (Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)). 2009."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T15:26:38Z","timestamp":1739460398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02406-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (KKM\/NIHSEC\/P20-1586).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This publication presents aggregated data that does not contain any personally identifiable information.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}