{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:36:00Z","timestamp":1788536160642,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Belgium"},{"name":"Brussels Institute for the encouragement of scientific research and innovation (INNOVIRIS), Belgium"},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche de Qu\u00e9bec (FRQ), Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T12:48:02Z","timestamp":1746622082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On equal footing? The impact of patient companions on Lifeworld integration and patient-centeredness in linguistically diverse emergency consultations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2261-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoon","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7404-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne Couillard","family":"Larocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dauby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0059-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Leanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agresti A. Categorical Data Analysis. John Wiley & Sons; 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_161"},{"key":"2425_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aronsson K, Rundstr\u00f6m, B. Child discourse and parental control in pediatric consultations. Text - Interdiscip. J Study Discourse. 1988:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/text.1.1988.8.3.159.","DOI":"10.1515\/text.1.1988.8.3.159"},{"key":"2425_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00351-8","volume":"53","author":"CA Barry","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barry CA, Stevenson FA, Britten N, Barber N, Bradley CP. Giving voice to the lifeworld. More humane, more effective medical care? A qualitative study of doctor\u2013patient communication in general practice. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53:487\u2013505.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2425_CR4","first-page":"35","volume":"2","author":"I Boivin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boivin I, Leanza Y, Rosenberg E. Conceptions des r\u00f4les des interpr\u00e8tes professionnels et familiaux dans les entretiens m\u00e9dicaux et postures par rapport au monde v\u00e9cu. Alterstice - Rev Int Rech Intercult. 2013;2:35\u201346.","journal-title":"Alterstice - Rev Int Rech Intercult"},{"key":"2425_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13519","volume":"25","author":"S Cooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooper S, Stevenson F. Communicating decisions about care with patients and companions in emergency department consultations. Health Expect. 2022;25:1766\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.13519.","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2425_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2018-207735","volume":"35","author":"T Cornelius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cornelius T, Moise N, Birk JL, Edmondson D, Chang BP. The presence of companions during emergency department evaluation and its impact on perceptions of clinician\u2013patient communication. Emerg Med J. 2018;35:701\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emermed-2018-207735.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2425_CR7","unstructured":"Cox A. The dynamics of (mis) communication in language-discordant multi-party consultations in the emergency department. PhD, University Press, Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 2017."},{"key":"2425_CR8","first-page":"13","volume":"31","author":"A Cox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cox A. Venturing into interdisciplinary research as an applied linguist: challenges and opportunities. Bull Linguist Sci Lang. 2020;31:13\u201337.","journal-title":"Bull Linguist Sci Lang"},{"key":"2425_CR9","unstructured":"Cox A, Kerremans K, Temmerman R. Niche sourcing and transexplanations for the enhancement of doctor-patient comprehension in multilingual hospital settings, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Terminology and Artificial Intelligence TIA 2013. 2013:33\u201336."},{"key":"2425_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-55351-5_2","volume-title":"Mediating emergencies and conflicts","author":"A Cox","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cox A, L\u00e1zaro Guti\u00e9rrez R. Interpreting in the Emergency Department: how context matters for practice. In: Federici FM, editor. Mediating emergencies and conflicts. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016. p. 33\u201358."},{"key":"2425_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-018-09873-2","volume":"25","author":"A Cox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cox A, Li S. The medical consultation through the lenses of language and social interaction theory. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2020;25:241\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10459-018-09873-2.","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"key":"2425_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2019.03.004","volume":"102","author":"A Cox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cox A, Rosenberg E, Thommeret-Carri\u00e8re A, Huyghens L, Humbl\u00e9 P, Leanza Y. Using patient companions as interpreters in the Emergency Department: an interdisciplinary quantitative and qualitative assessment. Patient Educ Couns. 2019;102:1439\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2019.03.004.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2425_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creese, A., Copland, F., 2015. Linguistic Ethnography, in: King, K., Lai, Y., May, S. (Eds.), Research Methods in Language and Education. Springer International Publishing, pp. 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02329-8_25-1"},{"key":"2425_CR14","unstructured":"Diamond, S., 2022. Personal communication at International Conference on Communication in Healthcare (ICCH) 2022, 5\u20139 September 2022, University of Glasgow, Scotland."},{"key":"2425_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzl069","volume":"19","author":"C Divi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Divi C, Koss RG, Schmaltz SP, Loeb JM. Language proficiency and adverse events in US hospitals: a pilot study. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19:60\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"2425_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fioramonte A, V\u00e1squez C. Multi-party talk in the medical encounter: Socio-pragmatic functions of family members\u2019 contributions in the treatment advice phase. J Pragmat.\u00a02019;139:132\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pragma.2018.11.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2018.11.001"},{"key":"2425_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529716634","volume-title":"Doing triangulation and mixed methods","author":"U Flick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flick U. Chapter four: triangulation in ethnography. In: Doing triangulation and mixed methods. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2018. p. 49\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781529716634."},{"key":"2425_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.01.025","volume":"60","author":"G Flores","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flores G, Abreu M, Barone CP, Bachur R, Lin H. Errors of medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences: a comparison of professional versus Ad Hoc versus no interpreters. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60:545\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.01.025.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"2425_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0361-7","volume":"22","author":"F Gany","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gany F, Kapelusznik L, Prakash K, Gonzalez J, Orta LY, Tseng C, Changrani J. The impact of medical interpretation method on time and errors. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:319\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-007-0361-7.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2425_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.1961.tb01082.x","volume":"9","author":"M Gluckman","year":"1961","unstructured":"Gluckman M. Ethnographic data in British Social Anthropology. Sociol Rev. 1961;9:5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-954X.1961.tb01082.x.","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"key":"2425_CR21","unstructured":"Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New-York: The Overlook Press; 1959."},{"key":"2425_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.03.033","volume":"63","author":"T Greenhalgh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T, Robb N, Scambler G. Communicative and strategic action in interpreted consultations in primary health care: a Habermasian perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:1170\u201387.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2425_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511611834","volume-title":"Discourse strategies","author":"JJ Gumperz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gumperz JJ. Discourse strategies. Cambridge University Press; 1982."},{"key":"2425_CR24","volume-title":"The theory of communicative action","author":"J Habermas","year":"1987","unstructured":"Habermas J. The theory of communicative action. Boston: Beacon; 1987."},{"key":"2425_CR25","unstructured":"Hymes DH. Language in education: ethnolinguistic essays, Language and ethnography series. Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. 1980."},{"issue":"1","key":"2425_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/13556509.2005.10799190","volume":"11","author":"M Inghilleri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Inghilleri M. Mediating zones of uncertainty: interpreter agency, the interpreting habitus and political asylum adjudication. Translator. 2005;11(1):69\u201385.","journal-title":"Translator"},{"key":"2425_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318249c949","volume":"50","author":"LS Karliner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karliner LS, Auerbach A, N\u00e1poles A, Schillinger D, Nickleach D, P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ. Language barriers and understanding of hospital discharge instructions. Med Care. 2012;50:283\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2425_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.30268.x","volume":"19","author":"LS Karliner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karliner LS, P\u00e9rez-Stable EJ, Gildengorin G. The language divide. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:175\u201383 https:\/\/dx-doi-org.kuleuven.ezproxy.kuleuven.be\/10.1111%2Fj.1525-1497.2004.30268.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2425_CR29","unstructured":"Lachance, P.A., 2016. La communication \u00e0 l\u2019urgence ou l\u2019urgence de la communication, in: Lussier, M.T., Richard, C. (Eds.), La Communication Professionnelle En Sant\u00e9. Pearson, Montr\u00e9al, pp. 617\u2013642."},{"key":"2425_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1075\/intp.7.2.03lea","volume":"7","author":"Y Leanza","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leanza Y. Roles of community interpreters in pediatrics as seen by interpreters, physicians and researchers. Interpreting. 2005;7:167\u201392.","journal-title":"Interpreting"},{"key":"2425_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1558\/cam.v10i1.13","volume":"10","author":"Y Leanza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leanza Y, Boivin I, Rosenberg E. The patient\u2019s Lifeworld: building meaningful clinical encounters between patients, physicians and interpreters. Commun Med. 2013;10:13\u201325.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"2425_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.036","volume":"70","author":"Y Leanza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leanza Y, Boivin I, Rosenberg E. Interruptions and resistance: a comparison of medical consultations with family and trained interpreters. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70:1888\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.036.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2425_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1515\/applirev-2013-0006","volume":"4","author":"S Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li S. Co-construction of interpreted conversation in medical consultations. Appl Linguist Rev. 2013;4:127\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/applirev-2013-0006.","journal-title":"Appl Linguist Rev."},{"key":"2425_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/14739879.2010.11493944","volume":"21","author":"S Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li S, Pearson D, Escott S. Language barriers within primary care consultations: an increasing challenge needing new solutions. Educ Prim Care. 2010;21:385\u201391.","journal-title":"Educ Prim Care"},{"key":"2425_CR35","unstructured":"Meeuwesen, L., Ani, E., 2011. \u201cIf you don\u2019t understand what I mean...\u201d interpreting in health and social care. Centre for Social Policy and Intervention Studies, Utrecht."},{"key":"2425_CR36","unstructured":"Meyer B, Pawlack B, Ortun K. Family interpreters in hospitals: Good reasons for bad practice? mediAzioni. 2010;10: 297\u2013324."},{"key":"2425_CR37","unstructured":"Mishler EG. The discourse of medicine: dialectics of medical interviews. Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation; 1984."},{"key":"2425_CR38","first-page":"258","volume":"2","author":"R Rakotomalala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rakotomalala R. Pratique de la r\u00e9gression logistique. R\u00e9gression logistique binaire et polytomique, Universit\u00e9 Lumi\u00e8re Lyon. 2011;2:258.","journal-title":"R\u00e9gression logistique binaire et polytomique, Universit\u00e9 Lumi\u00e8re Lyon."},{"key":"2425_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0019","volume":"19","author":"D Ramirez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ramirez D, Engel KG, Tang TS. Language interpreter utilization in the emergency department setting: a clinical review. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008;19:352\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.0.0019.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2425_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2007.03.011","volume":"67","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Leanza Y, Seller R. Doctor\u2013patient communication in primary care with an interpreter: physician perceptions of professional and family interpreters. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;67:286\u201392.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2425_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2007.09.015","volume":"70","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Seller R, Leanza Y. Through interpreters\u2019 eyes: comparing roles of professional and family interpreters. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;70:87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2007.09.015.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2425_CR42","first-page":"685","volume":"51","author":"LM Schilling","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schilling LM, Scatena L, Steiner JF, Albertson GA, Lin CT, Cyran L, Ware L, Anderson RJ. The third person in the room: frequency, role, and influence of companions during primary care medical encounters. J Fam Pract. 2002;51:685\u201390.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2425_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40102.x","volume":"19","author":"D Schillinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schillinger D, Chen AH. Literacy and language disentangling measures of access, utilization, and quality. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:288\u201390.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2425_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaaden, H., 2023. Interpreter\u2019s mistake: Why should other professions care about the professionalization of interpreters?, in: Gavioli, L., Wadensj\u00f6, C. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook on Public Service Interpreting. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 261\u2013276.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429298202-20"},{"key":"2425_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02880.x","volume":"51","author":"T Stivers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stivers T. Negotiating who presents the problem: next speaker selection in pediatric encounters. J Commun. 2001;51:252\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02880.x.","journal-title":"J Commun."},{"key":"2425_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2017-207119","volume":"35","author":"H Stoklosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoklosa H, Scannell M, Ma Z, Rosner B, Hughes A, Bohan JS. Do EPs change their clinical behavior in the hallway or when a companion is present? A cross-sectional survey. Emerg Med J EMJ. 2018;35:406\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emermed-2017-207119.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J EMJ"},{"key":"2425_CR47","unstructured":"Teddlie C, Tashakkori A. Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. London: Sage; 2009."},{"key":"2425_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2009.07.022","volume":"36","author":"LK Wagley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wagley LK, Newton SE. Emergency nurses\u2019 use of psychosocial nursing interventions for management of ED patient fear and anxiety. J Emerg Nurs. 2010;36:415\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jen.2009.07.022.","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T12:48:11Z","timestamp":1746622091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02425-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4353990\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for data collection was obtained as per the requirements of the hospital ethics board of the hospital under study (Comit\u00e9 Local d\u2019Ethique Hospitalier \u2013 O.M. 007; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU Saint-Pierre, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Bruxelles; approval number AK\/12-10-81\/4181). An oral informed consent procedure was designed in compliance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Especially for this research project an oral informed consent system was created that consisted of pre-recorded spoken explanations on the consent procedure in different languages which were played to the patient and companion.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}