{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:44:04Z","timestamp":1794023044698,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015717","name":"HEAD-Genuit-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-23\/01-W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-23\/01-W"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015717","name":"HEAD-Genuit-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-23\/01-W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-23\/01-W"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015717","name":"HEAD-Genuit-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-23\/01-W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-23\/01-W"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004869","name":"Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic non-malignant pain \u2013 especially low back pain and headache disorders \u2013 is an increasingly common condition affecting many people globally. The biopsychosocial model of pain is widely used in the field of chronic pain research and considers the complex etiologies of chronic pain. Although the biopsychosocial model is well accepted, most studies address biomedical and psychological aspects, while neglecting the social dimension. The aim of our meta-ethnography was to systematically collect and analyze qualitative studies that explored social dimensions as explanatory approaches for chronic pain onset and progression. We used meta-ethnography guidelines and conducted systematic searches in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL) in November 2023, and an update in November 2024. Critical appraisal of included studies was performed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. We included twenty-seven studies and developed eight categories of social dimensions that contribute to explaining chronic pain. These third order constructs were gender relations and gender inequity, stigmatization, discrimination, and marginalization based on social identity, adversities, harsh living and working conditions, high expectations regarding work or school, cultural and religious beliefs and values, loneliness, and lifestyle factors. Our findings help confirm that there are relevant social dimensions that contribute to the chronicity of pain. Addressing these dimensions is necessary for adequate understanding of chronic pain\u2019s complexity and preventing chronic pain onset and progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T10:09:27Z","timestamp":1751882967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Social dimensions as explanatory approaches for the development of chronic pain: a meta-ethnography of qualitative studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-8218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Potthoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7640-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Koesling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Bozzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"2560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2020","unstructured":"2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England). 2020;396(10258):1204\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2560_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1268179","volume":"14","author":"AN Abudoush","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abudoush AN, Ali K, Kiran T, Panagioti M, Poliakoff E, Mo Hom N, Husain N. Exploring chronic pain related attentional experiences, distress and coping strategies among Arabic-speaking individuals in Jordan and the United Kingdom. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1268179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1268179.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2560_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1127435","volume":"38","author":"C Ahlgren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahlgren C, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Hamberg K, Johansson EE, St\u00e5lnacke B-M. The meanings given to gender in studies on multimodal rehabilitation for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain - a literature review. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(23):2255\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09638288.2015.1127435.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2560_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0395-6","volume":"16","author":"C Allen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allen C, Murphy A, Kiselbach S, VandenBerg S, Wiebe E. Exploring the experience of chronic pain among female Survival Sex Workers: A qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-015-0395-6.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2560_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732319888478","volume":"30","author":"M Arman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arman M, Gebhardt A, H\u00f6k Nordberg J, Andermo S. Women\u2019s Lived Experiences of Chronic Pain: Faces of Gendered Suffering. Qual Health Res. 2020;30(5):772\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732319888478.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2560_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293137","volume":"18","author":"E Baum","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baum E, Abdi S, Probst-Hensch N, Zinsstag J, Vosseler B, Tschopp R, van Eeuwijk P. \u201cI could not bear it\u201d: Perceptions of chronic pain among Somali pastoralists in Ethiopia. A qualitative study PloS One. 2023;18(11): e0293137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293137.","journal-title":"A qualitative study PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820987466","volume":"50","author":"K Bimpong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bimpong K, Thomson K, McNamara CL, Balaj M, Akhter N, Bambra C, Todd A. The Gender Pain Gap: Gender inequalities in pain across 19 European countries. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2022;50(2):287\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494820987466.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2560_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2024.108156","volume":"122","author":"LL Black","year":"2024","unstructured":"Black LL, Black WR, Chadwick A, Christofferson JL, Katz H, Kragenbrink M. Investigation of patients\u2019 understanding of fibromyalgia: Results from an online qualitative survey. Patient Educ Couns. 2024;122: 108156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2024.108156.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rkx002","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkx002","volume":"1","author":"B Brady","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brady B, Veljanova I, Chipchase L. An exploration of the experience of pain among culturally diverse migrant communities. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2017;1(1):rkx002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkx002.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Adv Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2560_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny088","volume":"20","author":"B Brady","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brady B, Veljanova I, Chipchase L. The Intersections of Chronic Noncancer Pain: Culturally Diverse Perspectives on Disease Burden. Pain Med. 2019;20(3):434\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pny088.","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1258\/135581902320432732","volume":"7","author":"N Britten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Britten N, Campbell R, Pope C, Donovan J, Morgan M, Pill R. Using meta ethnography to synthesise qualitative research: A worked example. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2002;7(4):209\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/135581902320432732.","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637221129196","volume":"17","author":"E Bull","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bull E, Young D, Etchebarne A, Malpus Z. Understanding ethnic minority service user experiences of being invited to and attending group pain programmes: A qualitative service evaluation. Br J Pain. 2023;17(1):58\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20494637221129196.","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/medhum-2017-011418","volume":"44","author":"K Campeau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campeau K. Adaptive frameworks of chronic pain: Daily remakings of pain and care at a Somali refugee women\u2019s health centre. Med Humanit. 2018;44(2):96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medhum-2017-011418.","journal-title":"Med Humanit"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1123","volume":"22","author":"M Cimas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cimas M, Ayala A, Sanz B, Agull\u00f3-Tom\u00e1s MS, Escobar A, Forjaz MJ. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in European older adults: Cross-national and gender differences. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2018;22(2):333\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1123.","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2560_CR15","first-page":"3313","volume":"15","author":"EN Clottey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clottey EN, Scott AJ, Alfonso ML. Grandparent caregiving among rural African Americans in a community in the American South: Challenges to health and wellbeing. Rural Remote Health. 2015;15(3):3313.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2560_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.006","volume":"74","author":"R Connell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Connell R. Gender, health and theory: Conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(11):1675\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.006.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000416","volume":"45","author":"L Cousin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cousin L, Johnson-Mallard V, Booker SQ. \u201cBe Strong My Sista\u2019\u201d: Sentiments of Strength From Black Women With Chronic Pain Living in the Deep South. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. 2022;45(2):127\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000416.","journal-title":"ANS Adv Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2560_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112734","volume":"246","author":"L Dassieu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dassieu L, Kabor\u00e9 JL, Choini\u00e8re M, Arruda N, Roy \u00c9. Painful lives: Chronic pain experience among people who use illicit drugs in Montreal (Canada). Soc Sci Med. 2020;246:112734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112734.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2560_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(96)00404-2","volume":"45","author":"C Eccleston","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eccleston C, Williams AC, Rogers WS. Patients\u2019 and professionals\u2019 understandings of the causes of chronic pain: Blame, responsibility and identity protection. Soc Sci Med. 1997;45(5):699\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0277-9536(96)00404-2.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"2560_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.001","volume":"17","author":"RR Edwards","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edwards RR, Dworkin RH, Sullivan MD, Turk DC, Wasan AD. The Role of Psychosocial Processes in the Development and Maintenance of Chronic Pain. J Pain. 2016;17(9 Suppl):T70-92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.001.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0670-7","volume":"19","author":"EF France","year":"2019","unstructured":"France EF, Uny I, Ring N, Turley RL, Maxwell M, Duncan EAS, Noyes J. A methodological systematic review of meta-ethnography conduct to articulate the complex analytical phases. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-019-0670-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2022.0012","volume":"32","author":"P Friesen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friesen P, Gligorov N. White Ignorance in Pain Research: Racial Differences and Racial Disparities. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2022;32(2):205\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/ken.2022.0012.","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205510291880268","DOI":"10.1177\/2055102918802683","volume":"5","author":"PJ Furness","year":"2018","unstructured":"Furness PJ, Vogt K, Ashe S, Taylor S, Haywood-Small S, Lawson K. What causes fibromyalgia? An online survey of patient perspectives. Health Psychology Open. 2018;5(2):2055102918802683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2055102918802683.","journal-title":"Health Psychology Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1306","volume":"23","author":"I Gobina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gobina I, Villberg J, V\u00e4limaa R, Tynj\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Whitehead R, Cosma A, Villerusa A. Prevalence of self-reported chronic pain among adolescents: Evidence from 42 countries and regions. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2019;23(2):316\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1306.","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.1998.tb00482.x","volume":"12","author":"LR-M Hallberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hallberg LR-M, Carlsson SG. Psychosocial Vulnerability and Maintaining Forces Related to Fibromyalgia. Scand J Caring Sci. 1998;12(2):95\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6712.1998.tb00482.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2560_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.11.029","volume":"74","author":"O Hankivsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hankivsky O. Women\u2019s health, men\u2019s health, and gender and health: Implications of intersectionality. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(11):1712\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.11.029.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2560_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2023.01.004","volume":"19","author":"JB Hervik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hervik JB, Foss EB, Stub T. Living with chronic headaches: A qualitative study from an outpatient pain clinic in Norway. Explore (NY). 2023;19(5):702\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2023.01.004.","journal-title":"Explore (NY)."},{"key":"2560_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-017-0247-x","volume":"16","author":"M H\u00f8ie","year":"2017","unstructured":"H\u00f8ie M, Haraldstad K, Rohde G, Fegran L, Westergren T, Helseth S, Johannessen B. How school nurses experience and understand everyday pain among adolescents. BMC Nurs. 2017;16:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-017-0247-x.","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2560_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102539","volume":"59","author":"G Horment-Lara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Horment-Lara G, L\u00fcttges-Sciaccaluga C, Espinoza-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez C, Aliaga-Castillo V. \u201cI don\u2019t want to be a burden\u201d A qualitative study of the beliefs of women with chronic low back pain in relation to their painful experience. Musculoskeletal Science & Practice. 2022;59: 102539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102539.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science & Practice"},{"key":"2560_CR30","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for use in JBI Systematic Reviews. 2017. Checklist for Qualitative Research, available from:\u00a0https:\/\/jbi.global\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/JBI_Critical_Appraisal-Checklist_for_Qualitative_Research2017_0.pdf."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2560_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002738","volume":"163","author":"E Keogh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keogh E. Sex and gender differences in pain: Past, present, and future. Pain. 2022;163(Suppl 1):S108\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002738.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-021-10040-5","volume":"24","author":"D Koesling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koesling D, Bozzaro C. Chronic pain patients\u2019 need for recognition and their current struggle. Med Health Care Philos. 2021;24(4):563\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-021-10040-5.","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-022-10109-9","volume":"25","author":"D Koesling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koesling D, Bozzaro C. Chronic pain as a blind spot in the diagnosis of a depressed society. On the implications of the connection between depression and chronic pain for interpretations of contemporary society. Med Health Care Philos. 2022;25(4):671\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-022-10109-9.","journal-title":"Med Health Care Philos"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001060","volume":"8","author":"C Locher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Locher C, W\u00f6rner A, Carlander M, Kossowsky J, Dratva J, Koechlin H. Chronic pain concepts of pediatricians: A qualitative survey. Pain Reports. 2023;8(1): e1060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001060.","journal-title":"Pain Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.11.004","volume":"19","author":"A Maly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maly A, Vallerand AH. Neighborhood, Socioeconomic, and Racial Influence on Chronic Pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2018;19(1):14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.11.004.","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0659-9","volume":"18","author":"S Mills","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mills S, Torrance N, Smith BH. Identification and Management of Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(2):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0659-9.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2560_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2014.08.012","volume":"16","author":"LR Mohamed Zaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohamed Zaki LR, Hairi NN. A Systematic Review of the Prevalence and Measurement of Chronic Pain in Asian Adults. Pain Management Nursing\u202f: Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses. 2015;16(3):440\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2014.08.012.","journal-title":"Pain Management Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa427","volume":"22","author":"ME Morales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morales ME, Yong RJ. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Pain Med. 2021;22(1):75\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaa427.","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2075-x","volume":"19","author":"LD Morris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morris LD, Daniels KJ, Ganguli B, Louw QA. An update on the prevalence of low back pain in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-018-2075-x.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390355","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2024.2390355","volume":"8","author":"N Mustafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mustafa N, Ramana S, MacNeill M, Watt-Watson J, Einstein G. Chronic pain experiences of immigrant Indian women in Canada: A photovoice exploration. Can J Pain. 2024;8(2):2390355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24740527.2024.2390355.","journal-title":"Can J Pain."},{"issue":"5","key":"2560_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.13563","volume":"6","author":"RL Nahin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nahin RL, Feinberg T, Kapos FP, Terman GW. Estimated Rates of Incident and Persistent Chronic Pain Among US Adults, 2019\u20132020. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5): e2313563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.13563.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8025","DOI":"10.22605\/RRH8025","volume":"24","author":"SH Nigol","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nigol SH, \u00d3 Donnchadha S, Chikulin C, Orr C, Dhamala B, Oldroyd J, Eeman H. Conceptualisations of pain amongst resettled Nepali-speaking Bhutanese adults in rural and regional Australia. Rural Remote Health. 2024;24(2):8025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22605\/RRH8025.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health."},{"key":"2560_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noblit G, Hare R. Meta-Ethnography. 2455 Teller Road,\u00a0Thousand Oaks\u00a0California\u00a091320\u00a0United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc. 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412985000.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985000"},{"key":"2560_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 2021;372: n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed)"},{"issue":"181","key":"2560_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.048","volume":"1982","author":"J Pryma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pryma J. \u201cEven my sister says I\u2019m acting like a crazy to get a check\u201d: Race, gender, and moral boundary-work in women\u2019s claims of disabling chronic pain. Soc Sci Med. 2017;1982(181):66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.048.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/02109395.2014.922260","volume":"35","author":"M Pujal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pujal M, Mora E. Subjectivity, health and gender: an approach to chronified pain through the Psychosocial Gender Diagnostic methodology \/ Subjetividad, salud y g\u00e9nero: una aproximaci\u00f3n al dolor cronificado mediante la metodolog\u00eda del Diagn\u00f3stico Psicosocial de G\u00e9nero. Estud Psicol. 2014;35(2):212\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02109395.2014.922260.","journal-title":"Estud Psicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-12902018161825","volume":"27","author":"Pujal i Llombart, M., Mora, E., & S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pujal i Llombart, M., Mora, E., & Sch\u00f6ngut-Grollmus, N. The psychosocial diagnosis of gender in public health: propos and application through a case study. Sa\u00fade E Sociedade. 2018;27(2):448\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-12902018161825.","journal-title":"Sa\u00fade E Sociedade"},{"issue":"5","key":"2560_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001793","volume":"161","author":"RL Quiton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quiton RL, Leibel DK, Boyd EL, Waldstein SR, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Sociodemographic patterns of pain in an urban community sample: An examination of intersectional effects of sex, race, age, and poverty status. Pain. 2020;161(5):1044\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001793.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"2560_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","volume":"161","author":"SN Raja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, Vader K. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2560_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104626","volume":"25","author":"K Rice","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rice K, Connoy L, Webster F. Gendered Worlds of Pain: Women, Marginalization, and Chronic Pain. J Pain. 2024;25(11): 104626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104626.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06049-w","volume":"21","author":"R Sattar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sattar R, Lawton R, Panagioti M, Johnson J. Meta-ethnography in healthcare research: A guide to using a meta-ethnographic approach for literature synthesis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-06049-w.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-016-0145-2","volume":"30","author":"W Schneider","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schneider W, Braungardt T. Medikalisierung sozialer Probleme am Beispiel von Schmerzpatienten [Medicalization of social problems using the example of patients with pain]. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany). 2016;30(4):327\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00482-016-0145-2.","journal-title":"Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-019-09624-7","volume":"18","author":"P Stilwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stilwell P, Harman K. An enactive approach to pain: beyond the biopsychosocial model. Phenomenol Cogn Sci. 2019;18(4):637\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11097-019-09624-7.","journal-title":"Phenomenol Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2560_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.18043\/001c.118583","volume":"85","author":"AD Sucaldito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sucaldito AD, Meh H, Rhodes SD, Daniel SS. Health Needs and Priorities of an Underserved Karenni Refugee Community: A Community Needs Assessment. N C Med J. 2024;85(4):283\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18043\/001c.118583.","journal-title":"N C Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2560_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272638","volume":"17","author":"NX Thanh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thanh NX, Tanguay RL, Manhas KJP, Kania-Richmond A, Kashuba S, Geyer T, Wasylak T. Economic burden of chronic pain in Alberta. Canada PloS One. 2022;17(8): e0272638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0272638.","journal-title":"Canada PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2560_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1409","volume":"23","author":"A Todd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Todd A, McNamara CL, Balaj M, Huijts T, Akhter N, Thomson K, Bambra C. The European epidemic: Pain prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in pain across 19 European countries. European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2019;23(8):1425\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1409.","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain (London, England)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2560_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","volume":"156","author":"R-D Treede","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treede R-D, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, Wang S-J. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156(6):1003\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/17457823.2017.1282320","volume":"12","author":"I Uny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uny I, France EF, Noblit GW, Steady and delayed: explaining the different development of meta-ethnography in health care and education. Ethnogr Educ. 2017;12(2):243\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17457823.2017.1282320.","journal-title":"Ethnogr Educ"},{"key":"2560_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wakelin K. Pain, Shame, and Power: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Chronic Pain. Qual Health Res.\u00a02024:10497323241289805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10497323241289805.","DOI":"10.1177\/10497323241289805"},{"issue":"1","key":"2560_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01394-6","volume":"20","author":"B Wallace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wallace B, Varcoe C, Holmes C, Moosa-Mitha M, Moor G, Hudspith M, Craig KD. Towards health equity for people experiencing chronic pain and social marginalization. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2021;20(1):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01394-6.","journal-title":"International Journal for Equity in Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2560_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.10.004","volume":"24","author":"F Webster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Webster F, Connoy L, Sud A, Rice K, Katz J, Pinto AD, Dale C. Chronic Struggle: An Institutional Ethnography of Chronic Pain and Marginalization. J Pain. 2023;24(3):437\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.10.004.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2560_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002291","volume":"163","author":"RJ Yong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yong RJ, Mullins PM, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States. Pain. 2022;163(2):e328\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002291.","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T10:09:28Z","timestamp":1751882968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02560-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"198"}}