{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1769156247571,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T08:33:44Z","timestamp":1766478824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balancing solidarity, normality and trust: reasons for (non-)participation in an injectable HIV antiretroviral therapy study in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Paparini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakita","family":"Kasadha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Apea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Orkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the ILANA study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-1023-4","volume":"16","author":"T Kennedy-Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kennedy-Martin T, Curtis S, Faries D, Robinson S, Johnston J. A literature review on the representativeness of randomized controlled trial samples and implications for the external validity of trial results. Trials. 2015;16(1):495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-015-1023-4.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01555-4","volume":"18","author":"P Bower","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bower P, Grigoroglou C, Anselmi L, Kontopantelis E, Sutton M, Ashworth M, Evans P, Lock S, Smye S, Abel K. Is health research undertaken where the burden of disease is greatest? Observational study of geographical inequalities in recruitment to research in England 2013-2018. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01555-4.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01268-z","volume":"21","author":"T Rai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rai T, Dixon S, Ziebland S. Shifting research culture to address the mismatch between where trials recruit and where populations with the most disease live: a qualitative study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2021;21(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-021-01268-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05276-8","volume":"22","author":"S Treweek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Treweek S, Banister K, Bower P, Cotton S, Devane D, Gardner HR, Isaacs T, Nestor G, Oshisanya A, Parker A, Rochester L, Soulsby I, Williams H, Witham MD. Developing the include ethnicity framework-A tool to help trialists design trials that better reflect the communities they serve. Trials. 2021;22(1):337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05276-8.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2709_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beard E, Dixon S, Rai T, Hayward G. Ethnicity and socioeconomic status: missing in research means missing in clinical guidance. BJGP Open. 2021;5(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0034.","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0034"},{"issue":"12","key":"2709_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00141-9","volume":"52","author":"S Ross","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ross S, Grant A, Counsell C, Gillespie W, Russell I, Prescott R. Barriers to participation in Randomised controlled trials: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(12):1143\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00141-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1501-14","volume":"15","author":"JR Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castillo-Mancilla JR, Cohn SE, Krishnan S, Cespedes M, Floris-Moore M, Schulte G, Pavlov G, Mildvan D, Smith KY. Minorities remain underrepresented in HIV\/AIDS research despite access to clinical trials. HIV Clin Trials. 2014;15(1):14\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/hct1501-14.","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0205","volume":"31","author":"RE Johnston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnston RE, Heitzeg MM. Sex, age, race and intervention type in clinical studies of HIV cure: a systematic review. AIDS Res And Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31(1):85\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2014.0205.","journal-title":"AIDS Res And Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000842","volume":"71","author":"MJ Curno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Curno MJ, Rossi S, Hodges-Mameletzis I, Johnston R, Price MA, Heidari S. A systematic review of the inclusion (or exclusion) of women in HIV research: from clinical studies of antiretrovirals and vaccines to cure strategies. JAIDS J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2016;71(2):181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000842.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70324-8","volume":"6","author":"E Mills","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mills E, Wilson K, Rachlis B, Griffith L, Wu P, Guyatt G, Cooper C. Barriers to participation in HIV drug trials: a systematic review. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(1):32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70324-8.","journal-title":"The Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2709_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100829","volume":"23","author":"E Rodr\u00edguez-Torres","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Torres E, Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e9rez MM, D\u00edaz-P\u00e9rez C. Barriers and facilitators to the participation of subjects in clinical trials: an overview of reviews. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2021;23:100829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100829.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"2709_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houghton C, Dowling M, Meskell P, Hunter A, Gardner H, Conway A, Treweek S, Sutcliffe K, Noyes J, Devane D, Nicholas JR, Biesty LM. Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Lib. 2020. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.MR000045.pub2\/abstract?cookiesEnabled.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000045.pub2"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2709_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13431","volume":"44","author":"T Rai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rai T, Hinton L, McManus RJ, Pope C. What would it take to meaningfully attend to ethnicity and race in health research? Learning from a trial intervention development study. Sociol Of Health Illn. 2022;44(S1):57\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.13431.","journal-title":"Sociol Of Health Illn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2709_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0055-3","volume":"7","author":"MV Gwadz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gwadz MV, Colon P, Ritchie AS, Leonard NR, Cleland CM, Riedel M, Bowens D, Banfield AD, Chang P, Quiles R, Mildvan D. Increasing and supporting the participation of Persons of color living with HIV\/AIDS in aids clinical trials. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2010;7(4):194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-010-0055-3.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"2709_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2024.101283","volume":"38","author":"LJ Hawke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hawke LJ, Nelson E, O\u2019Brien P, Crossley KM, Choong PF, Bunzli S, Dowsey MM. Influences on clinical trial participation: enhancing recruitment through a gender lens - a scoping review. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2024;38:101283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conctc.2024.101283.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"2709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smart A, Harrison E. The under-representation of minority ethnic groups in UK medical research. Ethnicity & health. 2017. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13557858.2016.1182126.","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2016.1182126"},{"issue":"5","key":"2709_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216332","volume":"14","author":"KA Sullivan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sullivan KA, Little MO, Rosenberg NE, Zimba C, Jaffe E, Gilbert S, Coleman JS, Hoffman I, Mtande T, Anderson J, Gross MS, Rahangdale L, Faden R, Lyerly AD. Women\u2019s views about contraception requirements for biomedical research participation. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0216332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216332.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-6-35","volume":"6","author":"M Dixon-Woods","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dixon-Woods M, Cavers D, Agarwal S, Annandale E, Arthur A, Harvey J, Hsu R, Katbamna S, Olsen R, Smith L, Riley R, Sutton AJ. Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006;6(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-6-35.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e070666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070666","volume":"13","author":"HZ Farooq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farooq HZ, Apea V, Kasadha B, Ullah S, Hilton-Smith G, Haley A, Scherzer J, Hand J, Paparini S, Phillips R, Orkin CM. Study protocol: the ILANA study-exploring optimal implementation strategies for long-acting antiretroviral therapy to ensure equity in clinical care and policy for women, racially minoritised people and older people living with HIV in the UK - a qualitative multiphase longitudinal study design. BMJ Open. 2023;13(7):e070666\u2013070666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070666.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2709_CR20","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Essays on the anthropology of reason","author":"P Rabinow","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rabinow P. Artificiality and enlightenment: from sociobiology to Biosociality. In: Essays on the anthropology of reason. Princeton University Press; 1996. p. 91\u2013111."},{"key":"2709_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000298100.48990.58","volume":"21","author":"V-K Nguyen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nguyen V-K, Ako CY, Niamba P, Sylla A, Tiendr\u00e9b\u00e9ogo I. Adherence as therapeutic citizenship: impact of the history of access to antiretroviral drugs on adherence to treatment. Aids. 2007;21:S31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000298100.48990.58.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"2709_CR22","unstructured":"NICE. Cabotegravir with rilpivirine for treating hiv-1 | guidance. 2022 January 5. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ta757. NICE."},{"key":"2709_CR23","unstructured":"Elias A, Smuk M, Whelan I, Pepper NA, Halim N, Ring K, Apea V, Orkin C. P024 inclusion of women, racially minoritised people and older adults in real-world studies evaluating long-acting injectable cabotegravir and rilpivirine: a scoping review. Poster Session: Annual BHIVA Spring Conference 2024. Annual BHIVA Spring Conference. Birmingham, United Kingdom: 2024 May 29. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/hiv.13628."},{"key":"2709_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orkin C, Hayes R, Haviland J, Wong YL, Ring K, Apea V, Kasadha B, Clarke E, Byrne R, Fox J, Barber TJ, Clarke A, Paparini S, Group F. Perspectives of people with HIV on implementing long acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in clinics and community settings in the UK: results from the anti-sexist, anti-racist, anti-ageist ILANA study. Clin Infect Dis Ciae. 2024;523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciae523.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae523"},{"key":"2709_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226213118.001.0001","volume-title":"Inclusion: the politics of difference in medical research","author":"S Epstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Epstein S. Inclusion: the politics of difference in medical research. University of Chicago Press; 2007. http:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\/lib\/gmul-ebooks\/detail.action?docID=408322."},{"issue":"3 (80","key":"2709_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1215\/01642472-22-3_80-105","volume":"22","author":"J Biehl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Biehl J. The Activist state: global pharmaceuticals, aids, and citizenship in BRAZIL. Soc Text. 2004;22(3 (80):105\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/01642472-22-3_80-105.","journal-title":"Soc Text"},{"key":"2709_CR27","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Global assemblages: technology, politics, and ethics as anthropological problems","author":"N Rose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rose N, Novas C. Biological citizenship. In: Global assemblages: technology, politics, and ethics as anthropological problems. Wiley-Blackwell; 2005. p. 439\u201363."},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1387.2009.01034.x","volume":"23","author":"SR Whyte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whyte SR. Health identities and subjectivities. Med Anthropol Q. 2009;23(1):6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1548-1387.2009.01034.x.","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"key":"2709_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09483-0_453","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of global bioethics","author":"T Heinemann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heinemann T. Biological citizenship. In: ten Have H, editor. Encyclopedia of global bioethics. Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 347\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-09483-0_453."},{"key":"2709_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/649405","volume":"19","author":"A Petryna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petryna A. Biological citizenship: the science and politics of chernobyl-exposed populations. Osiris. 2004;19:250\u201365.","journal-title":"Osiris"},{"issue":"7","key":"2709_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12018","volume":"35","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Harris M, Martin A. Negotiating access to medical treatment and the making of patient citizenship: the case of hepatitis C treatment. Sociol Of Health Illn. 2013;35(7):1023\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.12018.","journal-title":"Sociol Of Health Illn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2709_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1353\/anq.2007.0056","volume":"80","author":"J Biehl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Biehl J. Pharmaceuticalization: aids treatment and global health politics. Anthropological Q. 2007;80(4):1083\u2013126.","journal-title":"Anthropological Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"2709_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.2006.108.2.312","volume":"108","author":"S Robins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robins S. From \u201crights\u201d to \u201critual\u201d: aids activism in South Africa. Am Anthropologist. 2006;108(2):312\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/aa.2006.108.2.312.","journal-title":"Am Anthropologist"},{"key":"2709_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.041","volume":"131","author":"F Mazanderani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazanderani F, Paparini S. The stories we tell: qualitative research interviews, talking technologies and the \u2018normalisation\u2019 of life with HIV. Soc Sciamp Med. 2015;131:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.041.","journal-title":"Soc Sciamp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2709_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1140127","volume":"26","author":"S Paparini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paparini S, Rhodes T. The biopolitics of engagement and the HIV cascade of care: a synthesis of the literature on patient citizenship and antiretroviral therapy. Crit Public Health. 2016;26(5):501\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09581596.2016.1140127.","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"2709_CR36","volume-title":"Thematic analysis: a practical Guide. sage","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: a practical Guide. sage. SAGE Publications; 2021."},{"issue":"6pt2","key":"2709_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","volume":"48","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs-principles and practices. Health Serv Res. 2013;48(6pt2):2134\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12117.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2709_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305285708","volume":"16","author":"T Farmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farmer T, Robinson K, Elliott SJ, Eyles J. Developing and implementing a triangulation protocol for qualitative health research. Qualitative Health Res. 2006;16(3):377\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305285708.","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00304-0","volume":"57","author":"R Parker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parker R, Aggleton P. HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action. Soc Sciamp Med. 2003;57(1):13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00304-0.","journal-title":"Soc Sciamp Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2709_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003761","volume":"4","author":"R Dhairyawan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhairyawan R. Listening to the voices of the medically silenced. PLoS Global Public Health. 2024;4(10):e0003761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003761.","journal-title":"PLoS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08936-1","volume":"26","author":"R Hayes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hayes R, Smuk M, Kasadha B, Halim N, Apea V, Paparini S, Orkin CM & the ILANA study group. (Achieving equitable recruitment through inclusive protocol design: lessons learned from the ILANA study. Trials. 2025;26(1):229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08936-1.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2709_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cms054","volume":"30","author":"PS Gill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gill PS, Plumridge G, Khunti K, Greenfield S. Under-representation of minority ethnic groups in cardiovascular research: a semi-structured interview study. Fam Pract. 2013;30(2):233\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cms054.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-18","volume":"5","author":"K Jolly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jolly K, Lip GY, Taylor RS, Mant JW, Lane DA, Lee KW, Stevens AJ, Brum Steering Committee T. Recruitment of ethnic minority patients to a cardiac rehabilitation trial: the Birmingham rehabilitation uptake Maximisation (brum) study [ISRCTN72884263]. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-5-18.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2709_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000148","volume":"6","author":"A Sheikh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Halani L, Bhopal R, Netuveli G, Partridge MR, Car J, Griffiths C, Levy M. Facilitating the recruitment of minority ethnic people into research: qualitative case study of south asians and asthma. PLoS Med. 2009;6(10):e1000148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000148.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2709_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300279","volume":"101","author":"JA Fisher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fisher JA, Kalbaugh CA. Challenging assumptions about minority participation in us clinical research. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(12):2217\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300279.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2709_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030019","volume":"3","author":"D Wendler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wendler D, Kington R, Madans J, Wye GV, Christ-Schmidt H, Pratt LA, Brawley OW, Gross CP, Emanuel E. Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? PLoS Med. 2005;3(2):e19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030019.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2709_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collister D, Song C, Ruzycki SM. Fostering diversity in clinical trials: need for evidence and implementation to improve representation. BMJ Med. 2024;3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-000984.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2024-000984"},{"key":"2709_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treweek S, Pitkethly M, Cook J, Fraser C, Mitchell E, Sullivan F, Jackson C, Taskila TK, Gardner H. Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials. Cochrane Lib. 2018. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.MR000013.pub6\/full.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000013.pub6"},{"issue":"3","key":"2709_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S1745855206003024","volume":"1","author":"C Novas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Novas C. The political economy of hope: patients\u2019 organizations, science and Biovalue. BioSocieties. 2006;1(3):289\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1745855206003024.","journal-title":"BioSocieties"},{"issue":"2","key":"2709_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2013.800805","volume":"20","author":"N Beckmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beckmann N. Responding to medical crises: aids treatment, responsibilisation and the logic of choice. Anthropol Med. 2013;20(2):160\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13648470.2013.800805.","journal-title":"Anthropol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2709_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12002","volume":"26","author":"R Marsland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsland R. (Bio)Sociality and HIV in Tanzania: finding a living to support a life. Med Anthropol Q. 2012;26(4):470\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/maq.12002.","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8322.00039","volume":"17","author":"D Fassin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fassin D. The biopolitics of otherness: undocumented foreigners and racial discrimination in French public debate. Anthropol Today. 2001;17(1):3\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8322.00039.","journal-title":"Anthropol Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"2709_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.04.001","volume":"63","author":"A Persson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Persson A, Newman C. Potency and vulnerability: troubled \u2018selves\u2019 in the context of antiretroviral therapy. Soc Sciamp Med. 2006;63(6):1586\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.04.001.","journal-title":"Soc Sciamp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2709_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000011","volume":"6","author":"NC Ware","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ware NC, Idoko J, Kaaya S, Biraro IA, Wyatt MA, Agbaji O, Chalamilla G, Bangsberg DR. Explaining adherence success in Sub-Saharan Africa: an ethnographic study. PLoS Med. 2009;6(1):e1000011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000011.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2709_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392115590093","volume":"63","author":"P Kingori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kingori P. The \u2018empty choice\u2019: a sociological examination of choosing medical research participation in resource-limited Sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Sociol. 2015;63(5):763\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392115590093.","journal-title":"Curr Sociol"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:10:38Z","timestamp":1769098238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02709-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by City & East London Research Ethics Committee on 14 April 2022 (REC 22\/PR\/0318). Participants received a \u00a315 voucher for participating in the survey and a \u00a350 voucher for participating in the interview, with the amounts reflecting the inherent challenges of including people in a study about non-participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SP has received research grants from ViiV Healthcare and Gilead Sciences. BK has received speaker honoraria and consultancy fees from Gilead Sciences, GSK, and ViiV Healthcare. VA has received speaker fees from ViiV Healthcare, Gilead Sciences and MSD. FB has received speakers fees from Gilead Sciences and research grants from Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare and MSD. CMO has received honoraria for advisory boards, lectureships, and travel sponsorships from Janssen, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, MSD and Bavarian Nordic and has received research grants from Janssen, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, MSD and AstraZeneca. RH has no interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}