{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:20:11Z","timestamp":1787530811662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:16:19Z","timestamp":1781345779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Access to healthcare amongst adolescent girls and young women in Ugandan artisanal and small-scale mining communities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Chidwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabahat","family":"Balaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Kwagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Owiredu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Kapiriri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2717_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.46873\/2300-3960.1055","volume":"20","author":"E Serwajja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serwajja E, Mukwaya PI. Environmental, health and safety intricacies of artisanal mining in the gold-rich landscapes of Karamoja, north-eastern Uganda. J Sustain Min. 2021;20(2):90\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Sustain Min"},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR2","first-page":"63","volume":"4","author":"B Rutherford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rutherford B, Buss D. Gendered governance and socio-economic differentiation among women artisanal and small-scale miners in Central and East Africa. TWT. 2019;4(1):63\u201379.","journal-title":"TWT"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2717_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.12.001","volume":"34","author":"G Hilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hilson G. Small-scale mining, poverty and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Resour Policy. 2009;34(1\u20132):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"2717_CR4","unstructured":"Barreto M, Schein P, Hinton J, Hruschka F. Economic contributions of artisanal and small-scale mining in Uganda [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.responsiblemines.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Uganda_case_study.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR5","unstructured":"De Haan J, Dales K, McQuilken J. Mapping artisanal and small-scale mining to the sustainable development goals. University of Delaware (Minerals, Materials and Society program in partnership with Pact); 2020. p. 1\u201359."},{"key":"2717_CR6","unstructured":"Fritz MMC, McQuilken J, Collins N, Weldegiorgis F, International Institute for Sustainable Development. Global trends in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM): a review of key numbers and issues. 2017: [91 p.]. Available from: http:\/\/www.iisd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/igf-asm-global-trends.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021855322000298","volume":"67","author":"E Njieassam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Njieassam E. Child labour in artisanal and small-scale gold mines in Uganda: are legal protections adequate? J Afr Law. 2023;67(1):45\u201357.","journal-title":"J Afr Law"},{"key":"2717_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining and health [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/247195\/9789241510271-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"2717_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chidwick H, Randolph-Koranteng N, Kwagala B, Mensah D, Osei L, Wandera SO, et al. Exploring economic and health interventions to support adolescents\u2019 resilience and coping in mining communities: a scoping review. Extr Ind Soc [Internet]. 2023;16(October):101369. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exis.2023.101369.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2023.101369"},{"key":"2717_CR10","unstructured":"World Bank. 2023 State of the artisanal and small-scale mining sector [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/stateofthesector23.delvedatabase.org."},{"key":"2717_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanyana MW, Agaba FE, Sekimpi DK, Mukasa VN, Kamese GN, Douglas N, et al. Mercury exposure among artisanal and small-scale gold miners in four regions in Uganda. J Health Pollut. 2020;10(26).","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-10.26.200613"},{"key":"2717_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melesse DY, Mutua MK, Choudhury A, Wado YD, Faye CM, Neal S, et al. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa: who is left behind? BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(1):1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002231"},{"key":"2717_CR13","unstructured":"UNFPA. Fact sheet: investing in sexual and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-pdf\/383%20AIU3%20Regional_SSA_ENG%2011.19.14%20FINAL_0.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR14","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development [Internet]. 2015: [1\u201335 p.]. Available from: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/migration\/generalassembly\/docs\/globalcompact\/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR15","first-page":"4","volume":"9","author":"A Jackline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackline A. Women in artisanal and small scale mining Uganda: regulation, barriers and benefits. KAS Afr Law Study Lib. 2022;9(1):4\u201321.","journal-title":"KAS Afr Law Study Lib"},{"key":"2717_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102978","volume":"79","author":"R Kumah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumah R. Artisanal and small-scale mining formalization challenges in Ghana: explaining grassroots perspectives. Resour Policy. 2022;79:102978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.102978.","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"2717_CR17","unstructured":"GEF & UNEP. A baseline analysis of legal and regulatory frameworks affecting artisanal and smallscale miners in Uganda. Report. 2025. https:\/\/www.planetgold.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Baseline%20Analysis%20Report%20-%20planetGOLD%20Uganda.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hilson G, Maconachie R. For the environment: an assessment of recent military intervention in informal gold mining communities in Ghana. Land Use Policy. 2020;96, Article 104706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104706.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104706"},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.02.001","volume":"34","author":"S Siegel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Siegel S, Veiga MM. Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of \u201cformalization. Resour Policy. 2009;34(1):51\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.02.001.","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"2717_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.06.003","volume":"136","author":"N Yakovleva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yakovleva N, Vazquez-Brust DA, Arthur-Holmes F, Busia KA. Gender equality in artisanal and small-scale mining in Ghana: assessing progress towards SDG 5 using salience and institutional analysis and design. Environ Sci Policy. 2022;136:92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.06.003.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"2717_CR21","unstructured":"Tekinbas E. Gendered impacts of COVID-19 on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). 2022. https:\/\/policycommons.net\/artifacts\/2211481\/gendered-impacts-of-covid-19-on-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-asm\/2968392\/."},{"key":"2717_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.11.010","volume":"116","author":"T Laing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laing T, Moonsammy S. Evaluating the impact of small-scale mining on the achievement of the sustainable development goals in Guyana. Environ Sci Policy. 2021;116:147\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2020.11.010.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"2717_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.08.024","volume":"137","author":"MJ Clifford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clifford MJ. Artisanal and small-scale mining and the sustainable development goals: why nobody cares. Environ Sci Policy. 2022;137:164\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.08.024.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00083968.2019.1676807","volume":"54","author":"K Danielsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Danielsen K, Hinton J. A social relations of gender analysis of artisanal and small-scale mining in Africa\u2019s Great Lakes Region. Can J Afr Stud. 2020;54(1):17\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00083968.2019.1676807.","journal-title":"Can J Afr Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"2717_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2020.03.001","volume":"7","author":"GK Byemba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Byemba GK. Formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: an opportunity for women in the new tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold (3TG) supply chain? Extr Ind Soc. 2020;7(2):420\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exis.2020.03.001.","journal-title":"Extr Ind Soc"},{"key":"2717_CR26","unstructured":"World Bank. 2023 State of the artisanal and small-scale mining sector. Washington, D.C: World Bank; 2023."},{"key":"2717_CR27","unstructured":"Madinah N. Challenges and barriers to the health service delivery system in Uganda. 2016;5(2):30\u201338. Available from: www.iosrjournals.org."},{"key":"2717_CR28","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. Hospitals [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.go.ug\/hospitals\/."},{"key":"2717_CR29","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. Uganda Hospital and Health Centre IV Census Survey [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/health.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/Hospital%20Census%20Report%20Jan%202016.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR30","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. Health sector development plan 2015\/16 - 2019\/20 [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.go.ug\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Health-Sector-Development-Plan-2015-16_2019-20.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowhaniuk N. Exploring country-wide equitable government health care facility access in Uganda. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01371-5"},{"key":"2717_CR32","unstructured":"Odokonyero T, Mwesigye F, Adong A, Mbowa S. Universal health coverage in Uganda: the critical health infrastructure, healthcare coverage and equity [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/nru.uncst.go.ug\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/6d2fa8a2-b348-4c84-8032-7b5161617088\/content."},{"key":"2717_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinney RG, Zakumumpa H, Rujumba J, Gibbons K, Heard A, Gal\u00e1rraga O. Community-funded integrated care outreach clinics as a capacity building strategy to expand access to health care in remote areas of Uganda. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1).","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1988280"},{"key":"2717_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGranahan M, Bruno-McClung E, Nakyeyune J, Nsibirwa DA, Baguma C, Ogwang C, et al. Realising sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescent girls and young women living in slums in Uganda: a qualitative study. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01174-z"},{"key":"2717_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nambile Cumber S, Atuhaire C, Namuli V, Bogren M, Elden H. Barriers and strategies needed to improve maternal health services among pregnant adolescents in Uganda: a qualitative study. Glob Health Action. 2022;15(1).","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2022.2067397"},{"key":"2717_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukuluki PMW, Kisaakye P, Wandiembe SP, Kiwujja V, Kajungu C, Mugwanya W, et al. Utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among young people in refugee settings in Uganda. Front Reprod Health. 2023;5.","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1077761"},{"key":"2717_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller KK, Saftner MA, McNamara M, McMorris B, Olupot-Olupot P. Provision of adolescent health care in resource-limited settings: perceptions, practices and training needs of Ugandan health care workers. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2022;132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106310"},{"key":"2717_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mambo SB, Sikakulya FK, Ssebuufu R, Mulumba Y, Wasswa H, Adomi Mbina S, et al. Challenges in access and utilization of sexual and reproductive health services among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Uganda: an online cross-sectional survey. Front Reprod Health. 2021;3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.705609"},{"key":"2717_CR39","unstructured":"Tanahashi T, Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Health service coverage and its evaluation [Internet]. 1978;56. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2395571\/."},{"key":"2717_CR40","unstructured":"Kwagala B, Kapiriri L, Mensah D. Economic and health impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent girls working in artisanal and small-scale mining sectors in Uganda and Ghana. Accessed at: https:\/\/idrc-crdi.ca\/en\/what-we-do\/projects-we-support\/project\/economic-and-health-impacts-covid-19-pandemic-adolescent."},{"key":"2717_CR41","unstructured":"Yamane T. Statistics: an introductory analysis. 1973."},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0967-5","volume":"18","author":"R McCollum","year":"2019","unstructured":"McCollum R, Taegtmeyer M, Otiso L, Mireku M, Muturi N, Martineau T, et al. Healthcare equity analysis: applying the Tanahashi model of health service coverage to community health systems following devolution in Kenya. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2717_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007847","volume":"13","author":"L Dean","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dean L, Ozano K, Adekeye O, Dixon R, Fung EG, Gyapong M, Theobald S. Neglected tropical diseases as a \u2018litmus test\u2019for universal health coverage? Understanding who is left behind and why in mass drug administration: lessons from four country contexts. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis. 2019;13(11):e0007847.","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"2717_CR44","unstructured":"Universal health coverage (UHC). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)."},{"key":"2717_CR45","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Uganda Demographic Health Survey [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/?pagename=explore-publications%26p_id=25"},{"key":"2717_CR46","unstructured":"Sustainable Development Report. Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/dashboards.sdgindex.org\/explorer?metric=demand-for-family-planning-satisfied-by-modern-methods."},{"key":"2717_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova O, Rai M, Kemigisha E. A systematic review of sexual and reproductive health knowledge, experiences and access to services among refugee, migrant and displaced girls and young women in Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081583"},{"issue":"1","key":"2717_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0698-5","volume":"16","author":"O Ivanova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ivanova O, Rai M, Mlahagwa W, Tumuhairwe J, Bakuli A, Nyakato VN, et al. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study of sexual and reproductive health knowledge, experiences and access to services among refugee adolescent girls in the Nakivale refugee settlement, Uganda. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2717_CR49","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. National strategy for integration of sexual reproductive health and rights and HIV\/AIDS 2017\u20132021 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https:\/\/platform.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/mca-documents\/policy-documents\/plan-strategy\/UGA-RH-18-03-PLAN-STRATEGY-2017-eng-SRH-HIV-integration-Implementation-Guide.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR50","unstructured":"Guttmacher Institute. In Uganda, Sexual and Reproductive Health Services and Information Fall Short for Adolescents [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/node\/30509\/printable\/print."},{"key":"2717_CR51","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health Strategic Plan [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.go.ug\/cause\/ministry-of-health-strategic-plan-2020-21-2024-25\/."},{"key":"2717_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwesigwa D, Wahid KA, Sohheng N. A case study on the quality of healthcare in Uganda: examining the effectiveness, safety, patient-centred and timeliness of district healthcare facilities. J Governance Account Stud [Internet]. 2021;1(2):133\u201344. Available from: https:\/\/goodwoodpub.com\/index.php\/jgas\/article\/view\/741.","DOI":"10.35912\/jgas.v1i2.741"},{"key":"2717_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marotta C, Lochoro P, Pizzol D, Putoto G, Mazzucco W, Saracino A, et al. Capacity assessment for provision of quality sexual reproductive health and hiv-integrated services in karamoja, Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(3):1053\u201365.","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i3.8"},{"key":"2717_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hilson G, Osei L. Tackling youth unemployment in sub-Saharan Africa: is there a role for artisanal and small-scale mining? Futures [Internet]. 2014(2014;62:83\u201394. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2014.05.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2014.05.004"},{"key":"2717_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maconachie R. Dispossession, exploitation or employment?Youth livelihoods and extractive industry investment in Sierra Leone. Futures [Internet]. 2014;62:75\u201382. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.futures.2013.08.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.futures.2013.08.003"},{"key":"2717_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maconachie R. Youthscapes of change? Diamonds, livelihoods and extractive industry investment in Sierra Leone. 2016;259\u201374.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26668-8_12"},{"key":"2717_CR57","unstructured":"Rutgers. Increasing youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services - Uganda [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/rutgers.international\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Advocacy_Uganda_0.pdf."},{"key":"2717_CR58","unstructured":"CARE. Ensuring rights-based accountability for SRHR in humanitarian settings in Uganda [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.care-international.org\/stories\/ensuring-rights-based-accountability-srhr-humanitarian-settings-uganda."},{"key":"2717_CR59","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Government of Uganda declaration of the Uganda FP2030 commitment. 2021; Available from: http:\/\/www.track20.org\/pages\/data_analysis\/in_depth\/opportunities\/quality.php."},{"key":"2717_CR60","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Uganda. National family planning advocacy strategy & costed implementation plan 2020\/21 \u2013. 2024\/25] [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/uganda.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/national_fp_advocacy_strategy.pdf."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T23:58:11Z","timestamp":1787529491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02717-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6130759\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the research ethics committees in three countries \u2013 Uganda (The AIDS Support Organization-2022-169 and registered by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, UNCST \u2013 SS149ES); Ghana, (University of Ghana Ethics Committee for the Humanities (ECH109\/22-23)); and, Canada (McMaster University Research Ethics Board, MREB #6257). In accordance to the Helsinki declaration, all participation was voluntary, and all participants provided informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participation was voluntary, and all participants provided informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"201"}}