{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:13:38Z","timestamp":1794244418774,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:37:16Z","timestamp":1765262236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neonatal mortality inequalities in Peru, 2007\u20132021: an ecological joinpoint trends analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1533-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannette","family":"Avila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7343-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e1squez-Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6737-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Soto-Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary F.","family":"Reyes-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9009-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Talavera-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1857-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sanhueza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7872-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar V.","family":"Munayco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2893-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar J.","family":"Mujica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2731_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024:403:2133\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-67362400757-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-67362400757-8"},{"key":"2731_CR2","volume-title":"Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths. Geneva: WHO; 2014. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/127938\/9789241507448_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"2731_CR3","volume-title":"Final report on the health-related millennium development goals","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Final report on the health-related millennium development goals. Washington DC: PAHO; 2017. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10665.2\/34118\/9789275118788_eng.pdf."},{"key":"2731_CR4","unstructured":"United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2023. New York: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF); 2023. Available from: https:\/\/childmortality.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/UNIGME-2023-Child-Mortality-Report.pdf"},{"key":"2731_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1111853","volume":"369","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhutta ZA, Black RE. Global maternal, newborn, and child health \u2013so near and yet so Far. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2226\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1111853.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2731_CR6","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A\/RES\/70\/1). New York: United Nations; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/undocs.org\/en\/A\/RES\/70\/1"},{"key":"2731_CR7","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas 2018\u20132030. Washington DC: PAHO. 2024. Available at: https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/49170"},{"key":"2731_CR8","volume-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the commission on social determinants of health","author":"Commission on the Social Determinants of Health","year":"2008","unstructured":"Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the commission on social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"2731_CR9","volume-title":"Just societies: health equity and dignified Lives. Report of the commission of the Pan American health organization on equity and health inequalities in the Americas","author":"Commission of the Pan American Health Organization on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Commission of the Pan American Health Organization on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas. Just societies: health equity and dignified Lives. Report of the commission of the Pan American health organization on equity and health inequalities in the Americas. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 2019."},{"key":"2731_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2019.12","volume":"43","author":"OJ Mujica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mujica OJ, Moreno CM. From words to action: measuring health inequalities to leave no one behind. Pan Am J Public Health. 2019;43:e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/RPSP.2019.12.","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2731_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victora CG, Barros AJD. Socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal mortality are falling: but why? Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e122\u20133. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(14)70024-5\/fulltext.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70024-5"},{"key":"2731_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Houweling TA, Morrison J, Azad K, Manandhar DS, Alcock G, Shende S, et al. How to reach every newborn: three key messages. Lancet Global Health. 2014 Aug;2(8):e436\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X1470271-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X1470271-2"},{"key":"2731_CR13","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud del Per\u00fa. Repositorio \u00danico Nacional de Informaci\u00f3n en Salud (REUNIS) [Internet]. 2025. [cited 2025 Jan 2] Available at: https:\/\/www.minsa.gob.pe\/reunis\/"},{"key":"2731_CR14","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica (INEI). Per\u00fa: Sistema de Monitoreo y Seguimiento de los Indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. [Internet]. 2025. [cited 2025 Feb 19] Available at: https:\/\/ods.inei.gob.pe\/ods\/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible\/salud-y-bienestar"},{"key":"2731_CR15","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Global Health Data Exchange | GHDx [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Feb 19] Available at: https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-2021"},{"key":"2731_CR16","unstructured":"Mesa de Concertaci\u00f3n para la Lucha Contra la Pobreza. Per\u00fa 2004\u20132023: Incidencia de la pobreza a nivel nacional y regional. Lima: MCLCP, mayo 2024. [cited 2025 Feb 21] Available at: https:\/\/intranet.mesadeconcertacion.org.pe\/storage\/documentos\/2024-09-03\/incidencia-de-la-pobreza-al-2023-nacional-regional-2.pdf"},{"key":"2731_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. National Health Accounts | Global Health Expenditure Database. [Internet]. 2025. [cited 2025 Feb 21]. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/nha\/database\/Select\/Indicators\/en"},{"key":"2731_CR18","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud del Per\u00fa. Subsistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica Perinatal y Neonatal. Lima: MINSA. 2008. [cited 2025 Jan 2] Available at: https:\/\/bvs.minsa.gob.pe\/local\/minsa\/1014_oge153.pdf"},{"key":"2731_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Handbook on health inequality monitoring with a special focus on low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: WHO. 2013. Available at: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/85345"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2012.10.012","volume":"32","author":"G Kjellsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kjellsson G, Gerdtham U. On correcting the concentration index for binary variables. J Health Econ. 2013;32(3):659\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2012.10.012.","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"2731_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19(3):335\u201351. [erratum: 2001;20:655] doi:10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3%3C335::aid-sim336%3E3.0.co;2-z.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.3.CO;2-Q"},{"issue":"16","key":"2731_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9407","volume":"41","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Chen HS, Byrne J, Wheeler B, Feuer EJ. Twenty years since joinpoint 1.0: two major enhancements, their justification, and impact. Stat Med. 2022;41(16):3102\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.9407.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2731_CR23","unstructured":"Joinpoint Regression Program, version 5.3.0.0. Statistical Methodology and Applications Branch, Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. November 2024. [cited 2025 Feb 21]. https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/joinpoint\/"},{"key":"2731_CR24","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"2731_CR25","unstructured":"Save the Children. Surviving the First Day: State of the World\u2019s Mothers 2013. London: Save the Children, 2013. Available at: https:\/\/resourcecentre.savethechildren.net\/pdf\/sowm-full-report_2013.pdf"},{"key":"2731_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60496-7","volume":"384","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Oza S, You D, Lee ACC, Waiswa P, et al. Every newborn: progress, priorities, and potential beyond survival. Lancet. 2014;384:189\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60496-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2731_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huicho L, Segura ER, Huayanay CA, Ni\u00f1o de Guzm\u00e1n J, Restrepo MC, Tam Y et al. Child health and nutrition in Peru within an antipoverty political agenda: a Countdown to 2015 country case study. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e414-426. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(16)00085-1\/fulltext","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00085-1"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2731_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3405-2","volume":"16","author":"L Huicho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huicho L, Huayanay CA, Herrera E, Ni\u00f1o de Guzm\u00e1n J, Rivera M, Restrepo MC, et al. Examining National and district-level trends in neonatal health in Peru through an equity lens: a success story driven by political will and societal advocacy. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(Suppl 2):796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3405-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2731_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3919","volume":"28","author":"JJ D\u00edaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00edaz JJ, Saldarriaga V. Encouraging use of prenatal care through conditional cash transfers: evidence from JUNTOS in Peru. Health Econ. 2019;28(9):1099\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.3919.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2731_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107198","volume":"197","author":"C Huaroto","year":"2026","unstructured":"Huaroto C, Franke P, Vivas C. Unveiling injustice: analyzing child mortality across decades in Peru (1981\u20132017). World Dev. 2026;197:107198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2025.107198.","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"2731_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2022.392.10629","volume":"39","author":"JG \u00c1vila Vargas-Machuca","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00c1vila Vargas-Machuca JG. Inequality in Peruvian neonatal mortality generated by poverty and education, 2011\u20132019 [Spanish]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2022;39:178\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17843\/rpmesp.2022.392.10629.","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"key":"2731_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKinnon B, Harper S, Kaufman JS, Bergevin Y. Socioeconomic inequality in neonatal mortality in countries of low and middle income: a multicountry analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e165-173. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(14)70008-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70008-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2013000300012","volume":"16","author":"AC Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves AC, Costa MCN, Paim JS, da Silva LMV, Braga JU, Barreto M. Social inequalities in neonatal mortality and living conditions. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2021;16(3):682\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1415-790X2013000300012.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"key":"2731_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2024.4","volume":"48","author":"P Duran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duran P, Soliz P, Mujica OJ, Cueva DA, Serruya SJ, Sanhueza A. Neonatal mortality in countries of the Americas, 2000\u20132020: trends, inequalities, and target-setting. Pan Am J Public Health. 2024;48:e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/RPSP.2024.4.","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2731_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02157-9","volume":"23","author":"A Sanhueza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanhueza A, Cueva DA, Mujica OJ, Soliz P, Duran P. Income inequality as a determinant of neonatal mortality in the Americas during 2000\u20132019: implications for the attainment of sustainable development goal target 3.2. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23:109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02157-9.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2731_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12566","volume":"69","author":"K Bolch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bolch K, Lopez-Calva L, Ortiz-Juarez E. When life gives you lemons: using cross-sectional surveys to identify chronic poverty in the absence of panel data. Rev Income Wealth. 2023;69(2):474\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/roiw.12566.","journal-title":"Rev Income Wealth"},{"issue":"9235","key":"2731_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02741-0","volume":"356","author":"CG Victora","year":"2000","unstructured":"Victora CG, Vaughan JP, Barros FC, Silva AC, Tomasi E. Explaining trends in inequities: evidence from Brazilian child health studies. Lancet. 2000;356(9235):1093\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2731_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464471","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2017.304277","volume":"108","author":"CG Victora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Victora CG, Joseph G, Silva ICM, Maia RS, Vaughan JP, Barros FC, et al. The inverse equity hypothesis: analyses of institutional deliveries in 286 National surveys. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(4):464471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2017.304277.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2731_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03890-w","volume":"23","author":"PJ Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia PJ, Williams AL, Carcamo MH, VanderZanden A, Binagwaho A. Lessons from Peru to reduce under-5 mortality: Understanding program implementation and context. BMC Pediatr. 2024;23(Suppl 1):646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-023-03890-w.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2731_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad311","volume":"78","author":"P Ashmore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashmore P, Sherwood E. An overview of COVID-19 global epidemiology and discussion of potential drivers of variable global pandemic impacts. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(Suppl 2):ii2\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkad311.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2731_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.26633\/rpsp.2020.137","volume":"44","author":"A Coates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coates A, Castro A, Marmot M, Mujica OJ, Eijkemans G, Victora CG. Just societies: a new vision for health equity in the Americas after COVID-19. Pan Am J Public Health. 2020;44:e137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/rpsp.2020.137.","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2731_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.26633\/rpsp.2024.71","volume":"48","author":"ML Rojas-Botero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rojas-Botero ML, Mujica OJ, Avellaneda X, C\u00e1ceres C, Castro A, Cox AL, et al. Do not remain equity-blind: lessons to learn from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Americas [Spanish]. Pan Am J Public Health. 2024;48:e71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/rpsp.2024.71.","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9pp","DOI":"10.15381\/anales.v85i3.28037","volume":"85","author":"J Arrasco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arrasco J, Medina J, Ordo\u00f1ez L, Vargas E, Ramos W. Characteristics of COVID-19 mortality during and after the pandemic in Peru [Spanish]. Fac Med. 2024;85(3):9pp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15381\/anales.v85i3.28037.","journal-title":"Fac Med"},{"key":"2731_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munayco C, Chowell G, Tariq A, Undurraga EA, Mizumoto K. Risk of death by age and gender from COVID-19 in Peru; March-May, 2020. Aging. 2020;12(14):13869\u201313881. https:\/\/www.aging-us.com\/article\/103687","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103687"},{"key":"2731_CR45","unstructured":"Bonilla EC, Marrufo GA. Study of neonatal mortality in Peru before and during the COVID-19 pandemic [Spanish; MD Thesis]. Lima: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 2024. Available at: https:\/\/repositorio.upch.edu.pe"},{"key":"2731_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04026","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04026","volume":"15","author":"KN Cajachahua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cajachahua KN, Otero M, Quezada HG, Huayanay-Espinoza CA, Oviedo AG, Amouzou A, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on small vulnerable newborns: an interrupted time series analysis in Peru and Brazil. J Glob Health. 2025;15:04026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04026.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2731_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.47","volume":"44e","author":"A Sola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sola A, Rodriguez S, Cardetti M, D\u00e1vila C. Perinatal COVID-19 in Latin America [Spanish]. Pan Am J Public Health. 2020;44e:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/RPSP.2020.47.","journal-title":"Pan Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2731_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6","volume":"9","author":"B Chmielewska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(6):e759\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2731_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162867","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2022.2162867","volume":"43","author":"M Simbar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simbar M, Nazarpour S, Sheidaei A. Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in mothers with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;43(1):2162867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2022.2162867.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2731_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2021.100049","volume":"2","author":"G Marchand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marchand G, Patil AS, Masoud AT, Ware K, King A, Ruther S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 maternal and neonatal clinical features and pregnancy outcomes up to June 3, 2021. AJOG Glob Rep. 2022;2(1):100049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xagr.2021.100049.","journal-title":"AJOG Glob Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2731_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmad030","volume":"30","author":"JAC Van Baar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Baar JAC, Kostova EB, Allotey J, Thangaratinam S, Zamora JR, Bonet M, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk and prevalence of pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update. 2024;30(2):133\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmad030.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"2731_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.15381\/anales.v84i2.25170","volume":"84","author":"F L\u00f3pez-Obando","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Obando F, Moran-Relaiza R, P\u00e9rez-Balde\u00f3n A, L\u00f3pez-Obando F, Moran-Relaiza R, P\u00e9rez-Balde\u00f3n A. Infecci\u00f3n Por COVID-19 En gestantes y Su asociaci\u00f3n Con La prematuridad. Anales De La Facultad De Med. 2023;84(2):213\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15381\/anales.v84i2.25170.","journal-title":"Anales De La Facultad De Med"},{"key":"2731_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04054-5","volume":"02 June","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Luo J. Time series analysis of impact of COVID-19 on infant and neonatal mortality in the united States. Pediatr Res. 2025;02 June:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04054-5.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2731_CR54","first-page":"23","volume":"94","author":"RJC Calderon-Anyosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calderon-Anyosa RJC, Bilal U, Kaufman JS. Variation in non-external and external causes of death in Peru in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown. Yale J Biol Med. 2021;94:23\u201340. PMCID: PMC7995934.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/1866802X211035393","volume":"13","author":"M Carreras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carreras M, Vera S, Visconti G. A Tale of two pandemics: economic inequality and support for containment measures in Peru. J Politics Latin Am. 2021;13(3):358\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1866802X211035393.","journal-title":"J Politics Latin Am"},{"key":"2731_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1841-8","volume":"20","author":"B McKinnon","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKinnon B, Harper S, Kaufman JS. Do socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal mortality reflect inequalities in coverage of maternal health services? Evidence from 48 low- and middle-income countries. Matern Child Health J. 2016;20:434\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-015-1841-8.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2731_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45148-5","volume":"9","author":"TJ Lohela","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lohela TJ, Nesbitt RC, Pekkanen J, Gabrysch S. Comparing socioeconomic inequalities between early neonatal mortality and facility delivery: cross-sectional data from 72 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-45148-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2731_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c6654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6654","volume":"341","author":"LK Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith LK, Manktelow BN, Draper ES, Springett A, Field DJ. Nature of socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal mortality: population based study. BMJ. 2010;341:c6654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c6654.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2731_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2016.127","volume":"6","author":"MA Rarani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rarani MA, Rahidian A, Khosravi A, Arab M, Abbasian E, Morasae EK. Changes in socio-economic inequality in neonatal mortality in Iran between 1995\u20132000 and 2005\u20132010: an Oaxaca decomposition analysis. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(4):219\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15171\/ijhpm.2016.127.","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2731_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100404","volume":"18","author":"S Reinders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reinders S, Blas MM, Neuman M, Huicho L, Ronsmans C. Prevalence of essential newborn care in home and facility births in the Peruvian amazon: analysis of census data from programme evaluation in three remote districts of the Loreto region. Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Americas. 2023;18:100404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100404.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Americas"},{"issue":"10","key":"2731_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005036","volume":"5","author":"R Vargas-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vargas-Hern\u00e1ndez R, Hern\u00e1ndez-V\u00e1squez A, Chen S, Diez-Canseco F, Smith P, Hunt X, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on unmet needs for healthcare in peru: an interrupted time series analysis. PLoS Global Public Health. 2025;5(10):e0005036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005036.","journal-title":"PLoS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2731_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2279903651388564","volume":"14","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz-del-Carpio-Toia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-del-Carpio-Toia A, Herrera-A\u00f1aco P, Benites-Meza JK, Benites-Zapata VA. Antenatal care adequacy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indigenous populations in Peru. J Public Health Res. 2025;14(4):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2279903651388564.","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2015.323.1670","volume":"32","author":"J Avila","year":"2015","unstructured":"Avila J, Tavera M, Carrasco M. Epidemiological characteristics of neonatal mortality in Peru, 2011\u20132012 [Spanish]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2015;32(3):423\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17843\/rpmesp.2015.323.1670.","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"issue":"5","key":"2731_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2024.0065","volume":"33","author":"RM Valera-Palli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Valera-Palli RM, Tapia G, Ticona DM, Roman V. Association between non-institutional birth and antenatal care in rural areas of Peru. Br J Midwifery. 2025;33(5):274\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjom.2024.0065.","journal-title":"Br J Midwifery"},{"issue":"7","key":"2731_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac056","volume":"191","author":"MP Fox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fox MP, Murray EJ, Lesko CR, Sealy-Jefferson S. On the need to revitalize descriptive epidemiology. Am J Epidem. 2022;191(7):1174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwac056.","journal-title":"Am J Epidem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2731_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2021.381.6740","volume":"38","author":"OJ Mujica","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mujica OJ, Pachas PE. Social inequalities in mortality during COVID-19 in Lima and Callao [Spanish]. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2021;38(1):183\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17843\/rpmesp.2021.381.6740.","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2731_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/1464988032000125764","volume":"4","author":"A Minujin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Minujin A, Delamonica E. Mind the gap! Widening child mortality disparities. J Hum Dev. 2003;4(3):397\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1464988032000125764.","journal-title":"J Hum Dev"},{"key":"2731_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.3555","volume":"0","author":"E de Jong","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Jong E, Princen S, Vijge MJ. Fulfilling the promise of leaving no one behind: exploring institutional pathways to success. J Sustain Dev. 2025;0:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sd.3555.","journal-title":"J Sustain Dev"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T04:55:28Z","timestamp":1768366528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02731-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7304144\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript is based on data collected by third parties; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required. The data derived from surveys had already received the necessary ethical approval from the responsible institutions overseeing their implementation in Peru.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of their respective institutions.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}