{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1782884778506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Top Young Talent Project of the National Special Support Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7101303989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7101303989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012515","name":"Cyrus Tang Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["050459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["050459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T02:06:37Z","timestamp":1778205997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accelerated multimorbidity in early adulthood and long-term functional disability in later life: a life-course epidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yushan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000502","volume":"36","author":"B Canada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Canada B, Stephan Y, Fundenberger H, Sutin AR, Terracciano A. Cross-sectional and prospective association between personality traits and IADL\/ADL limitations. Psychol Aging. 2021;36:309\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2869_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa236","volume":"50","author":"A Sanchez-Niubo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez-Niubo A, Forero CG, Wu Y-T, Gin\u00e9-V\u00e1zquez I, Prina M, De La Fuente J, Daskalopoulou C, Critselis E, De La Torre-Luque A, Panagiotakos D, et al. Development of a common scale for measuring healthy ageing across the world: results from the ATHLOS consortium. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;50:880\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2869_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravensbergen WM, Blom JW, Kingston A, Robinson L, Kerse N, Teh RO, Groenwold RHH, Gussekloo J. consortium tT: Declining daily functioning as a prelude to a hip fracture in older persons\u2014an individual patient data meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2022;51.","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab253"},{"key":"2869_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2024.100450","volume":"29","author":"S Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang S, Yu M, Huang W, Wang T, Liu K, Xiang B. Longitudinal association between ADL disability and depression in middle-aged and elderly: national cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2025;29:100450.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2869_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1133-2","volume":"23","author":"R McGrath","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGrath R, Al Snih S, Markides K, Hackney K, Bailey R, Peterson M. The Burden of Functional Disabilities for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23:172\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2869_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0673-0","volume":"16","author":"M Serrano-Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Serrano-Alarc\u00f3n M, Perelman J. Ageing under unequal circumstances: a cross-sectional analysis of the gender and socioeconomic patterning of functional limitations among the Southern European elderly. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16:175.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2869_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00203-1","volume":"7","author":"J Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong J, Wang G, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Meng Q, Yang P, Yao Y, Zhao Y. Nowcasting and forecasting the care needs of the older population in China: analysis of data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Lancet Public Health. 2022;7:e1005\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2869_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03049","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.03049","volume":"15","author":"Z Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang Z, Zhao J, Wu F. Life course approach to health: a paradigm shift to build global health resilience for person-centred healthcare in a turbulent world? J Glob Health. 2025;15:03049.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2869_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/items\/5db2c88f-941a-472d-ac6e-f08a7e9ae20b"},{"key":"2869_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls235","volume":"68","author":"B Gopinath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gopinath B, Harris DC, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Use of community support services and activity limitations among older adults with chronic kidney disease. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:741\u20137.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2869_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972310368691","volume":"7","author":"M Kanervisto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kanervisto M, Saarelainen S, Vasankari T, Jousilahti P, Heistaro S, Heli\u00f6vaara M, Luukkaala T, Paavilainen E. COPD, chronic bronchitis and capacity for day-to-day activities: negative impact of illness on the health-related quality of life. Chron Respir Dis. 2010;7:207\u201315.","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"2869_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7040a2","volume":"70","author":"KA Theis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Theis KA, Murphy LB, Guglielmo D, Boring MA, Okoro CA, Duca LM, Helmick CG. Prevalence of Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation - United States, 2016\u20132018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1401\u20137.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2869_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02835-2","volume":"36","author":"J Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang J, Sun Y, Li A. The prevalence of disability in older adults with multimorbidity: a meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024;36:186.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2869_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0644-7","volume":"25","author":"JJ Miranda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miranda JJ, Barrientos-Guti\u00e9rrez T, Corvalan C, Hyder AA, Lazo-Porras M, Oni T, Wells JCK. Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Med. 2019;25:1667\u201379.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2869_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403:2133\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2869_CR16","first-page":"101198","volume":"51","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X, Xu X, Yan Y, Lipnicki DM, Pang T, Crawford JD, Chen C, Cheng CY, Venketasubramanian N, Chong E, et al. Independent and joint associations of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and depression on cognitive function: findings from multi-regional cohorts and generalisation from community to clinic. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;51:101198.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2869_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2023.101452","volume":"16","author":"AC Ewing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ewing AC, Li Y, Chen X, Gallis J, Su K, Turner EL, Yan LL. Stroke and activity limitation in Chinese adults 65 Years or older. Disabil Health J. 2023;16:101452.","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"2869_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02732-8","volume":"36","author":"H He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He H, Tu R, Chen H, Wang C, Wu S, Wang S. Longitudinal trajectories of disability among Chinese adults: the role of cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024;36:79.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2869_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70046-9","volume":"1","author":"E Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong E, Backholer K, Gearon E, Harding J, Freak-Poli R, Stevenson C, Peeters A. Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1:106\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2869_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X","volume":"389","author":"M Singer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017;389:941\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2869_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv095","volume":"44","author":"CA Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson CA, Jones M, Tooth L, Mishra GD, Byles J, Dobson A. Multimorbidity patterns are differentially associated with functional ability and decline in a longitudinal cohort of older women. Age Ageing. 2015;44:810\u20136.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2869_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx100","volume":"73","author":"AR Qui\u00f1ones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qui\u00f1ones AR, Markwardt S, Thielke S, Rostant O, V\u00e1squez E, Botoseneanu A. Prospective Disability in Different Combinations of Somatic and Mental Multimorbidity. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73:204\u201310.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2869_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0635-7","volume":"15","author":"XX Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XX, Lin WQ, Chen XJ, Lin YY, Huang LL, Zhang SC, Wang PX. Multimorbidity associated with functional independence among community-dwelling older people: a cross-sectional study in Southern China. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15:73.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2869_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03421-9","volume":"22","author":"Z Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Z, Zhang Z, Shi K, Yu B, Jiang Z, Yang L, Lin J, Fang Y. Association between multimorbidity trajectories and incident disability among mid to older age adults: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:741.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2869_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00018-5","volume":"9","author":"C Wagner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wagner C, Carmeli C, Jackisch J, Kivim\u00e4ki M, van der Linden BWA, Cullati S, Chiolero A. Life course epidemiology and public health. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9:e261\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2869_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:61\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2869_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027828","volume":"51","author":"T Parekh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Marijuana Use Among Young Adults (18\u201344 Years of Age) and Risk of Stroke: A Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Analysis. Stroke. 2020;51:308\u201310.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2869_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214402","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214402","volume":"105","author":"EL Stulberg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stulberg EL, Wu C, Law CA, Sabayan B, Elser H, Kumar A, Zheutlin AR, Bress AP, Wolk DA, Rising K, et al. Income, Race-Ethnicity, and Dementia Risk Factors in the United States. Neurology. 2025;105:e214402.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2869_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae262","volume":"194","author":"A Zajacova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zajacova A, Margolis R. Trends in disability and limitations among US adults aged 18\u201344 years, 2000\u20132018. Am J Epidemiol. 2025;194:1381\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2869_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0402-8","volume":"13","author":"P Arokiasamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya U, Jain K, Biritwum RB, Yawson AE, Wu F, Guo Y, Maximova T, Espinoza BM, Rodr\u00edguez AS, et al. The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal? BMC Med. 2015;13:178.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2869_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49433","DOI":"10.2196\/49433","volume":"10","author":"MS Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee MS, Lee H. Chronic Disease Patterns and Their Relationship With Health-Related Quality of Life in South Korean Older Adults With the 2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Latent Class Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2024;10:e49433.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2869_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i04","volume":"40","author":"A Gabadinho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gabadinho A, Ritschard G, M\u00fcller NS, Studer M. Analyzing and Visualizing State Sequences in R with TraMineR. J Stat Softw. 2011;40:1\u201337.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2869_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124109357532","volume":"38","author":"S Aisenbrey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aisenbrey S, Fasang AE. New Life for Old Ideas: The Second Wave of Sequence Analysis Bringing the Course Back Into the Life Course. Sociol Methods Res. 2010;38:420\u201362.","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"2869_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20546-4","volume":"12","author":"G Cezard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cezard G, Sullivan F, Keenan K. Understanding multimorbidity trajectories in Scotland using sequence analysis. Sci Rep. 2022;12:16485.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2869_CR35","unstructured":"Studer M. WeightedCluster library manual: a practical guide to creating typologies of trajectories in the social sciences with R (LIVES Working Papers, No. 24). 2013."},{"key":"2869_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004710","volume":"49","author":"P Sinha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinha P, Calfee CS, Delucchi KL. Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Latent Class Analysis: Methodological Considerations and Common Pitfalls. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:e63\u201379.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2869_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00097-3","volume":"3","author":"SS Mirza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirza SS, Wolters FJ, Swanson SA, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA. 10-year trajectories of depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:628\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2869_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.02.12","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Reinikainen J, Adeleke KA, Pieterse ME, Groothuis-Oudshoorn CGM. Time-varying covariates and coefficients in Cox regression models. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6:121.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2869_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400212","volume":"4","author":"B Jann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jann B. Stata Tip 8: Splitting Time-span Records with Categorical Time-varying Covariates. Stata J. 2004;4:221\u20132.","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2869_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.11.028","volume":"21","author":"SS Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao SS, Cao GY, Han L, Huang ZT, Chen ZS, Su HX, Hu Y, Xu B. Associations Between Somatic Multimorbidity Patterns and Depression in a Longitudinal Cohort of Middle-Aged and Older Chinese. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21:1282\u2013e12871282.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2869_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000234","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2019-000234","volume":"8","author":"T Aoki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aoki T, Yamamoto Y, Shimizu S, Fukuhara S. Physical multimorbidity patterns and depressive symptoms: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan. Fam Med Community Health. 2020;8:e000234.","journal-title":"Fam Med Community Health"},{"key":"2869_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.2017847","volume":"27","author":"A Ronaldson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ronaldson A, Arias de la Torre J, Bendayan R, Yadegarfar ME, Rhead R, Douiri A, Armstrong D, Hatch S, Hotopf M, Dregan A. Physical multimorbidity, depressive symptoms, and social participation in adults over 50 years of age: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27:43\u201353.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"2869_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075834","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075834","volume":"14","author":"H Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang M, Zhang X, Zhao X. Exposure to early-life adversity and long-term trajectories of multimorbidity among older adults in China: analysis of longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMJ Open. 2024;14:e075834.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2869_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102175","volume":"93","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Ma L. From biological aging to functional decline: Insights into chronic inflammation and intrinsic capacity. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;93:102175.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2869_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","volume":"25","author":"D Furman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, Ferrucci L, Gilroy DW, Fasano A, Miller GW, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25:1822\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2869_CR46","first-page":"798","volume":"75","author":"A Marengoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marengoni A, Roso-Llorach A, Vetrano DL, Fern\u00e1ndez-Bertol\u00edn S, Guisado-Clavero M, Viol\u00e1n C, Calder\u00f3n-Larra\u00f1aga A. Patterns of Multimorbidity in a Population-Based Cohort of Older People: Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Clinical, and Functional Differences. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75:798\u2013805.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2869_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000591","volume":"75","author":"FJ Infurna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Infurna FJ, Gerstorf D, Lachman ME. Midlife in the 2020s: Opportunities and challenges. Am Psychol. 2020;75:470\u201385.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2869_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.11.002","volume":"45","author":"G Reach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reach G. Temporality in chronic diseases and adherence to long-term therapies: From philosophy to science and back. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45:419\u201328.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2869_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000749","volume":"38","author":"E Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman E, Shorey C. Inflammation in multimorbidity and disability: An integrative review. Health Psychol. 2019;38:791\u2013801.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"2869_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1546841","volume":"17","author":"JW Wastesson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wastesson JW, Morin L, Tan ECK, Johnell K. An update on the clinical consequences of polypharmacy in older adults: a narrative review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17:1185\u201396.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2869_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.6744","volume":"3","author":"F Ye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye F, Moon DH, Carpenter WR, Reeve BB, Usinger DS, Green RL, Spearman K, Sheets NC, Pearlstein KA, Lucero AR, et al. Comparison of patient report and medical records of comorbidities: results from a population-based cohort of patients with prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:1035\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:30:53Z","timestamp":1782880253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02869-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The CHARLS protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval code: IRB00001052-11015) and conducted in accordance with China\u2019s Regulations on Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Trial Version, 2007) and the Declaration of Helsinki (2008 version). All participants in the CHARLS provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. It will not be submitted to another journal while being considered by\n                      International Journal for Equity in Health\n                      . No part of this manuscript has been presented at meetings or posted online, including preprint servers.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"158"}}