{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:08:24Z","timestamp":1780664904263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social determinants play a critical role in shaping mental health (MH) outcomes. The World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of addressing such factors to reduce MH disparities. This scoping review aims to assess the landscape of research on social determinants of MH in Germany, focusing on frequently studied social determinants, MH outcomes, and underlying theoretical frameworks and explanatory mechanisms, particularly the consideration of the framework of intersectionality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. Studies that specifically addressed social determinants of MH in Germany were targeted, and data were charted to map key research trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 73 studies were included in the data analysis and synthesis, and outcomes were grouped into eight social determinants of health domains. The most frequently examined domains were demographics (in 96.0% of included studies), interpersonal\/community\/cultural influences (89.3%), economic stability (72.0%), and education (57.3%). Less frequently addressed domains included neighborhood and built environment (25.3%), environmental events (16.0%), other health-related determinants (16.0%), and healthcare access and quality (5.3%). We observed substantial heterogeneity within and between domains. MH outcomes were more often studied in terms of mental illness than positively defined MH, with depression and anxiety being the most frequently assessed outcomes. Theoretical frameworks such as the biopsychosocial model, social-ecological perspectives, and resilience theory were commonly applied, while intersectionality was rarely explicitly analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review delineates the research landscape on social determinants of MH in Germany. The findings point towards a predominant focus on individual-level determinants, with comparatively limited attention to systemic and structural factors. Moreover, an emphasis on mental illness rather than MH, alongside substantial heterogeneity in measured constructs, may constrain the understanding of MH disparities. These gaps highlight the need for more comprehensive, intersectional approaches that account for the diversity of individuals, contexts, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:24:12Z","timestamp":1780590252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social determinants of mental health in Germany: a systematic scoping review mapping the landscape of researched determinants, outcome measures, and explanatory concepts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0467-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin S.","family":"Lehe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5928-2651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Rei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa C.","family":"J\u00fcrgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Halbeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2069-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Paslakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2877_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21150","volume":"23","author":"S Galderisi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galderisi S. The need for a consensual definition of mental health. World Psychiatry. 2024;23:52\u201353.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2877_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806147","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.806147","volume":"6","author":"N Haslam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haslam N, Tse JSY, De Deyne S. Concept creep and psychiatrization. Front Sociol. 2021;6:806147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2021.806147.","journal-title":"Front Sociol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2877_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562221077898","volume":"30","author":"HJ Jackson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jackson HJ, Haslam N. Ill-defined: concepts of mental health and illness are becoming broader, looser, and more benign. Australas Psychiatry. 2022;30(4):490\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10398562221077898.","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"2877_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gautam S, Jain A, Chaudhary J, Gautam M, Gaur M, Grover S. Concept of mental health and mental well-being, it\u2019s determinants and coping strategies. Indian J Psychiatry. 2024;66(Suppl 2):S231\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_707_23.","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_707_23"},{"key":"2877_CR5","unstructured":"World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"2877_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/3090197","volume":"43","author":"CLM Keyes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keyes CLM. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J Health Soc Behav. 2002;43:207.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-009-9082-y","volume":"17","author":"GJ Westerhof","year":"2010","unstructured":"Westerhof GJ, Keyes CLM. Mental illness and mental health: the two continua model across the lifespan. J Adult Dev. 2010;17(2):110\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10804-009-9082-y.","journal-title":"J Adult Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117119896122d","volume":"34","author":"MJ Osmick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osmick MJ, Wilson M. Social determinants of health\u2014relevant history, a call to action, an organization\u2019s transformational story, and What can employers do? Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(2):219\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890117119896122d.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"2877_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health: commission on social determinants of health final report. World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"2877_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez CA, Kleinman DV, Pronk N, Wrenn Gordon GL, Ochiai E, Blakey C, et al. Addressing health Equity and social determinants of health through healthy people 2030. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(Supplement 6):S249\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001297.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001297"},{"key":"2877_CR11","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people, 2030: building a healthier future for all. 2025. https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/healthypeople. Accessed 1 May 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"2877_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30060-9","volume":"5","author":"C Lund","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lund C, Brooke-Sumner C, Baingana F, Baron EC, Breuer E, Chandra P, et al. Social determinants of mental disorders and the Sustainable development goals: a systematic review of reviews. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(4):357\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30060-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2877_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redvers N. The determinants of planetary health. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(3):e111\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00008-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00008-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2018.09.002","volume":"15","author":"SL Prescott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prescott SL, Logan, Logan AC, AC. Planetary health: from the wellspring of holistic Medicine to personal and public health imperative. Explore (NY). 2019;15(2):98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2018.09.002.","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"key":"2877_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105713","volume":"140","author":"CP Fagundes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fagundes CP, Wu-Chung EL, Christian LM. Special issue: social determinants of health: what we still need to know. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;140:105713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105713.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2877_CR16","volume-title":"Understanding the upstream social determinants of health","author":"N Bharmal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bharmal N, Derose KP, Felician MF, Weden MM. Understanding the upstream social determinants of health. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"2877_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230371","volume":"180","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Alvarez K, Cheng M, Falgas-Bague I. Recent advances on social determinants of mental health: looking fast forward. AJP. 2023;180(7):473\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230371.","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"2877_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106724","volume":"153","author":"JJ Lund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lund JJ, Chen TT, LaBazzo GE, Hawes SE, Mooney SJ. The association between three key social determinants of health and life dissatisfaction: a 2017 behavioral risk factor surveillance system analysis. Prev Med. 2021;153:106724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106724.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2877_CR19","first-page":"18","volume":"4","author":"D Bhugra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bhugra D, Becker MA. Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. World Psychiatry. 2005;4(1):18\u201324.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2877_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01152-3","volume":"12","author":"MS Lehe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Steins-Loeber S, Paslakis G. Invisible walls? stigma-related perceptions are associated with reduced help-seeking intentions for disordered eating in men. J Eat Disord. 2024;12(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-01152-3.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2877_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01407-7","volume":"13","author":"MS Lehe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Juergensen VC, Sabel L, Steins-Loeber S, Paslakis G. Boys don\u2019t try? Gendered stigma specifically reduces help-seeking for disordered eating in men, but not women. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01407-7.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2877_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21307\/eb-2020-001","volume-title":"Mental health and\/or mental illness: a scoping review of the evidence and implications of the Dual-Continua model of mental health","author":"M Iasiello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iasiello M, Van Agteren J, Muir Cochrane E. Mental health and\/or mental illness: a scoping review of the evidence and implications of the dual-continua model of mental health. EB. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/eb-2020-001."},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279413000202","volume":"42","author":"C Deeming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deeming C. Addressing the social determinants of subjective wellbeing: the latest Challenge for social policy. J Soc Pol. 2013;42(3):541\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0047279413000202.","journal-title":"J Soc Pol"},{"key":"2877_CR24","volume-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black Feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, Feminist theory and antiracist politics","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black Feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, Feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989; 1989."},{"issue":"7","key":"2877_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750","volume":"102","author":"L Bowleg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality\u2014an important theoretical framework for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2877_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. Intervention against the stigmatization of men with eating disorders in primary care (iSmesh): protocol for a randomized mixed-methods evaluation trial. PLoS One. 2025;20(10):e0333997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0333997.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333997"},{"key":"2877_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lehe MS, Halbeisen G, Steins-Loeber S, Paslakis G. Efficacy of the Intervention against the stigmatization of men with eating disorders in primary health care (iSmesh): results from a randomized waitlist-controlled study. Intl J Eat Disord. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.70080.","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.70080"},{"key":"2877_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Social determinants of mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2306-3","volume":"59","author":"T Lampert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lampert T, Koch-Gromus U. Soziale Ungleichheit und Gesundheit. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2016;59(2):151\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-015-2306-3.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2877_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-024-03867-9","volume":"67","author":"P Grigoriev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grigoriev P, Sauerberg M, Jasilionis D, Van Raalte A, Kl\u00fcsener S. Mortality trends in Germany in an international context. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2024;67(5):493\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-024-03867-9.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"issue":"8","key":"2877_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-00995-5","volume":"38","author":"D Jasilionis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jasilionis D, Van Raalte AA, Kl\u00fcsener S, Grigoriev P. The underwhelming German life expectancy. Eur J Epidemiol. 2023;38(8):839\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-023-00995-5.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2877_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RKI. Erste Ergebnisse aus der - Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland? (DEGS). Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2012;55(8):980\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-012-1504-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1504-5"},{"key":"2877_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD\/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Germany: country health profile 2023. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/21dd4679-en eds.","DOI":"10.1787\/21dd4679-en"},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-015-2275-6","volume":"59","author":"T Lampert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lampert T, Richter M, Schneider S, Spallek J, Dragano N. Social inequality and health. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2016;59(2):153\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-015-2275-6.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsbl"},{"key":"2877_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643704","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.643704","volume":"12","author":"VL Hajak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hajak VL, Sardana S, Verdeli H, Grimm S. A systematic review of factors affecting mental health and well-being of asylum seekers and refugees in Germany. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:643704.","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01324255","volume":"46","author":"U John","year":"2001","unstructured":"John U, Hensel E, L\u00fcdemann J, Piek M, Sauer S, Adam C, et al. Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a health examination survey in an east German region: objectives and design. Soz Praventivmed. 2001;46(3):186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01324255.","journal-title":"Soz Praventivmed"},{"issue":"7","key":"2877_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2877_CR38","volume-title":"A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health","author":"O Solar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Solar O, Irwin A. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010."},{"key":"2877_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NEJM Catalyst. Social determinants of health (SDOH). Catalyst Carryover; 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.17.0312.","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.17.0312"},{"key":"2877_CR40","unstructured":"Committee on Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health, Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016) A framework for educating health professionals to address the social determinants of health. 21923."},{"issue":"4286","key":"2877_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","volume":"196","author":"GL Engel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Engel GL. The need for a New medical model: a Challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.847460.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2877_CR42","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2009."},{"key":"2877_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-4-1","volume":"4","author":"P Raina","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raina P, O\u2019Donnell M, Schwellnus H, et al. Caregiving process and caregiver burden: conceptual models to guide research and practice. BMC Pediatr. 2004;4:1.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2410010304","volume":"1","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. Eur J Pers. 1987;1(3):141\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.2410010304.","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","volume":"44","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol. 1989;44(3):513\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2877_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","volume":"153","author":"BS McEwen","year":"1993","unstructured":"McEwen BS. Stress and the individual: mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2877_CR47","volume-title":"Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie","author":"M Weber","year":"1922","unstructured":"Weber M. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. T\u00fcbingen: Mohr-Siebeck; 1922."},{"key":"2877_CR48","volume-title":"Development as freedom","author":"A Sen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sen A. Development as freedom. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press; 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"2877_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(01)00003-3","volume":"41","author":"ME Beutel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Schwarz R, Weidner W, Br\u00e4hler E. Complaints of the ageing male based on a representative community study. Eur Urology. 2002;41(1):85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0302-2838(01)00003-3.","journal-title":"Eur Urology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2877_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.05.008","volume":"117","author":"ME Beutel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beutel ME, Weidner K, Schwarz R, Br\u00e4hler E. Age-related complaints in women and their determinants based on a representative community study. Eur J Obstet Gyn R B. 2004;117(2):204\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.05.008.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gyn R B"},{"key":"2877_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.025","volume":"299","author":"WR Chae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chae WR, Schienkiewitz A, Du Y, Hapke U, Otte C, Michalski N. Comorbid depression and obesity among adults in Germany: effects of age, sex, and socioeconomic status. J Educ Chang Affective Disord. 2022;299:383\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.025.","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Affective Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034304046903","volume":"25","author":"BD Kirkcaldy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kirkcaldy BD, Eysenck MW, Siefen GR. Psychological and social predictors of suicidal ideation among young adolescents. Sch Psychol Int. 2004;25(3):301\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0143034304046903.","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Int"},{"key":"2877_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.026","volume":"202","author":"A-K Meyrose","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyrose A-K, Klasen F, Otto C, Gniewosz G, Lampert T, Ravens-Sieberer U. Benefits of maternal education for mental health trajectories across childhood and adolescence. Soc Sci Med. 2018;202:170\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.026.","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2877_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1971-8","volume":"27","author":"C Cohrdes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohrdes C, Mensink GBM, H\u00f6lling H. How you live is how you feel? Positive associations between different lifestyle factors, cognitive functioning, and health-related quality of life across adulthood. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(12):3281\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-018-1971-8.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2877_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000438700","volume":"62","author":"P Eibich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eibich P, Krekel C, Demuth I, Wagner GG. Associations between Neighborhood characteristics, well-being and health vary over the life course. Gerontology. 2016;62(3):362\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000438700.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2877_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093180","volume":"17","author":"P Rattay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rattay P, Von Der Lippe E. Association between living with children and the health and health behavior of women and men. Are there differences by age? Results of the \u201cGerman health Update\u201d (GEDA) study. IJERPH. 2020;17(9):3180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093180.","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2877_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101072","volume":"33","author":"G Stadler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stadler G, Chesaniuk M, Haering S, Roseman J, Stra\u00dfburger VM, Martina S, et al. Diversified innovations in the health sciences: proposal for a diversity minimal item set (DiMIS). Sustain Chem Pharm. 2023;33:101072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101072.","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Pharm"},{"key":"2877_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aichberger MC, Bromand Z, Heredia Montesinos A, Temur-Erman S, Mundt A, Heinz A, et al. Socio-economic status and emotional distress of female Turkish immigrants and native German women living in Berlin. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:S10\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0924-9338(12)75702-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(12)75702-4"},{"key":"2877_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00898","volume":"10","author":"A-F N\u00e4her","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u00e4her A-F, Rummel-Kluge C, Hegerl U. Associations of Suicide rates with socioeconomic status and social isolation: findings from longitudinal register and census data. Front Psychiatry. 2020;10:898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00898.","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2877_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravens-Sieberer U, Ottova V, Hillebrandt D, Klasen F, und das HBSC-Team Deutschland. Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualit\u00e4t und psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse aus der deutschen HBSC-Studie 2006-2010. Gesundheitswesen. 2012;74(S 01):S33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1312641.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1312641"},{"key":"2877_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388773","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1388773","volume":"12","author":"R Barbek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barbek R, L\u00fcdecke D, Von Dem Knesebeck O. Intersectional inequalities in health anxiety: multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy in the SOMA.SOC study. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1388773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1388773.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2877_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.07.054","volume":"178","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Jia X, Yang Y, Sun N, Shi S, Wang W. Change in the global burden of depression from 1990\u20132019 and its prediction for 2030. J Psychiatric Res. 2024;178:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.07.054.","journal-title":"J Psychiatric Res"},{"key":"2877_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seligman MEP, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: an introduction. In: Flow and the foundations of positive psychology. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 279\u201398.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9088-8_18"},{"key":"2877_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795067","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.795067","volume":"12","author":"MP Wissing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wissing MP. Beyond the \u201cthird wave of positive Psychology\u201d: challenges and opportunities for future research. Front Psychol. 2022;12:795067.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2877_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01737-0","volume":"276","author":"S Speerforck","year":"2026","unstructured":"Speerforck S, J\u00fcrgensen V, G\u00f6bel M, Meyer N, Schomerus G. \u2018Concept creep\u2019 in perceptions of mental illness \u2014 an experimental examination of prevalence-induced concept change. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2026;276(1):33\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01737-0.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1780662429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-026-02877-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"145"}}