{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:41:54Z","timestamp":1792788114481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Equity Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People on the move (POTM) are individuals in ongoing migration processes, often facing significant health risks and structural barriers to equitable access to essential services despite international frameworks recognizing healthcare rights. Civil society organizations (CSOs) play a key role in addressing these gaps. This study examines CSOs\u2019 health support for POTM from the perspective of CSO workers, using the Balkan Route as a case study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This qualitative study included CSO staff providing health-related support to POTM along the Balkan Route. Participants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling across 11 countries. Data were collected between March and May 2024 through semi-structured, in-depth interviews addressing healthcare access, service gaps, CSO roles, challenges, and institutional relations. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen CSO workers from 11 countries participated, representing local, national, and international CSOs. Analysis identified four main categories: (1) Structural and Sociopolitical Context (2), POTM (3), National Healthcare Systems (4), CSOs. Participants described fragmented migration governance, limited health system capacities, discrimination, and legal barriers as key determinants of healthcare access. POTM experienced cumulative health risks and multiple structural, administrative, and communication barriers. Although states were viewed as primarily responsible for healthcare provision, participants consistently reported that CSOs filled critical gaps by delivering health-related services, facilitating access through mediation, and advocating for more equitable healthcare. However, these roles were constrained by unstable funding, workforce shortages, political pressures, and ethical tensions regarding the substitution of state responsibilities. Trust and collaboration between CSOs, healthcare providers, public authorities, local communities, and POTM emerged as essential for effective healthcare support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CSOs are central to healthcare in supporting healthcare access for POTM, particularly through their mediating role between migrants, healthcare systems, and public authorities. Strengthening trust-based collaboration while preserving CSO independence and maintaining state accountability may contribute to more equitable healthcare access in migration contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:02:52Z","timestamp":1790258572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health support for people on the move: a qualitative exploration of civil society organizations\u2019 roles and obstacles along the Balkan route"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fabian","family":"Link","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeliha","family":"\u00d6cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Veizis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3048_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Forced displacement continues to grow as conflicts escalate. Washington: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2023. Accessed 6 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/us\/news\/press-releases\/unhcr-forced-displacement-continues-grow-conflicts-escalate"},{"key":"3048_CR2","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Global Appeal 2024 Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2023. Accessed 14 Jul 2024. Available from: https:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/global-appeal-2024-6383"},{"key":"3048_CR3","unstructured":"Frontex. Irregular border crossings down 26% in 2025, Europe must stay prepared Warsaw: European Border and Coast Guard Agency; 2026. Accessed 29 Apr 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/media-centre\/news\/news-release\/frontex-irregular-border-crossings-down-26-in-2025-europe-must-stay-prepared-lyKpVb"},{"key":"3048_CR4","volume-title":"DTM Europe, Mixed Migration Flows to Europe, Yearly Regional Report (January-December 2024)","author":"International Organization for Migration","year":"2025","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration. DTM Europe, Mixed Migration Flows to Europe, Yearly Regional Report (January-December 2024). Vienna: International Organization for Migration; 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"3048_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/1369801x.2020.1854107","volume":"23","author":"A Pijnenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pijnenburg A, Rijken C. Moving beyond refugees and migrants: reconceptualising the rights of people on the move. Interventions. 2021;23(2):273\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369801x.2020.1854107.","journal-title":"Interventions"},{"key":"3048_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrera S, Colombi D. Irregularising Human Mobility: EU Migration Policies and the European Commission\u2019s Role. Springer; 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-74021-3"},{"key":"3048_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-018-0158-9","volume":"12","author":"R H\u00e9mono","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e9mono R, Relyea B, Scott J, Khaddaj S, Douka A, Wringe A. The needs have clearly evolved as time has gone on.: A qualitative study to explore stakeholders\u2019 perspectives on the health needs of Syrian refugees in Greece following the 2016 European Union-Turkey agreement. Confl Health. 2018;12:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13031-018-0158-9.","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4353-1","volume":"19","author":"A Chiarenza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiarenza A, Dauvrin M, Chiesa V, Baatout S, Verrept H. Supporting access to healthcare for refugees and migrants in European countries under particular migratory pressure. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-019-4353-1.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3048_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0403-4","volume":"7","author":"M Abbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbas M, Aloudat T, Bartolomei J, Carballo M, Durieux-Paillard S, Gabus L, et al. Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-018-0403-4.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"3048_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-114045","volume":"66","author":"C Kroeger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kroeger C, Frantz I, Friel P, Heinrichs N. Posttraumatische und depressive Symptomatik bei Asylsuchenden. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2016;66(9\u201310):377\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-114045.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08749-8","volume":"20","author":"A Lebano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lebano A, Hamed S, Bradby H, Gil-Salmer\u00f3n A, Dur\u00e1-Ferrandis E, Garc\u00e9s-Ferrer J, et al. Migrants\u2019 and refugees\u2019 health status and healthcare in Europe: a scoping literature review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08749-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3048_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12787","author":"B Olson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olson B, Ch\u00e1vez N, Kamplain C, Russell J. Leveraging community psychology to counter harmful policies and foster well-being in migrant children. Am J Community Psychol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12787.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"3048_CR13","volume-title":"World report on the health of refugees and migrants","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on the health of refugees and migrants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"key":"3048_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100641","volume":"10","author":"A Stevens","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stevens A, Ocek Z, Sargsyan S, Black M. Upholding the right to health of forcibly displaced children in Europe. Public Health Pract. 2025;10:100641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100641.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"key":"3048_CR15","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2011. Accessed 8 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/legacy-pdf\/4ec262df9.pdf"},{"key":"3048_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations International Children\u2019s Emergency Fund. Declaration of Alma-Ata 1978. Accessed 12. Aug 2026. Available from: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/almaata-declaration-en.pdf?sfvrsn=7b3c2167_2"},{"key":"3048_CR17","unstructured":"United Nations. Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 2015. Accessed 12. Aug 2026. Available from: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\/goal3#targets_and_indicators"},{"key":"3048_CR18","volume-title":"Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Document No.: A\/73\/L.66","author":"United Nations General Assembly","year":"2018","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Document No.: A\/73\/L.66. New York: United Nations General Assembly; 2018."},{"key":"3048_CR19","volume-title":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"1948","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Washington: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 1948."},{"key":"3048_CR20","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights New York: United Nations General Assembly. 1966. Accessed 12 Aug 2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/cescr.pdf"},{"key":"3048_CR21","volume-title":"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Document No.: 2012\/C 326\/02","author":"European Union","year":"2000","unstructured":"European Union. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Document No.: 2012\/C 326\/02. Brussels: EU; 2000."},{"key":"3048_CR22","unstructured":"European Parliament, European Council. Directive 2013\/33\/EU (Reception Conditions Directive). Document No.: L 180\/96. Brussels: European Parliament, European Council; 2013."},{"key":"3048_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Piccoli L, Perna R Civil society organisations and the healthcare of irregular migrants: the humanitarianism-equity dilemma. CMS. 2024;12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40878-024-00372-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-024-00372-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0033-4","volume":"37","author":"A Kentikelenis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kentikelenis A, Shriwise A. International organizations and migrant health in Europe. Public Health Rev. 2016;37(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40985-016-0033-4.","journal-title":"Public Health Rev"},{"key":"3048_CR25","unstructured":"United Nations. Who We Are New York: UN. Accessed 9 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/civil-society\/page\/about-us"},{"key":"3048_CR26","first-page":"1056","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Civil Society","author":"L David","year":"2010","unstructured":"David L. Nongovernmental Organizations, Definition and History. In: Anheier HK, Toepler S, editors. International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. New York, NY: Springer US; 2010. pp. 1056\u201362."},{"key":"3048_CR27","unstructured":"UNO-Fluechtlingshilfe BF, UNO-Fluechtlingshilfe. Jun. Accessed 6 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.uno-fluechtlingshilfe.de\/informieren\/fluchtrouten"},{"key":"3048_CR28","unstructured":"European Council, Council of the European Union. Western Balkans route Brussels: European Council, Council of the European Union. 2024. Accessed 6 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-migration-policy\/western-balkans-route\/"},{"key":"3048_CR29","volume-title":"The EU-Turkey refugee deal and the not quite closed Balkan route","author":"B Weber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weber B. The EU-Turkey refugee deal and the not quite closed Balkan route. Sarajevo: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung; 2017."},{"key":"3048_CR30","unstructured":"European Border Coast Guard Agency. Migratory routes Warsaw: Frontex. Accessed 22. Apr 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontex.europa.eu\/what-we-do\/monitoring-and-risk-analysis\/migratory-routes\/migratory-routes\/"},{"issue":"10012","key":"3048_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01240-4","volume":"386","author":"F Escobio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Escobio F, Echevarria J, Rubaki S, Viniczai V. Health assistance of displaced people along the Balkan route. Lancet. 2015;386(10012):2475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01240-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3048_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040560","volume":"8","author":"M Santric-Milicevic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santric-Milicevic M, Vasic M, Vasic V, Zivkovic-Sulovic M, Cirovic D, Lackovic M, et al. Uptake of Health Care Services by Refugees: Modelling a Country Response to a Western Balkan Refugee Crisis. Healthcare. 2020;8(4):560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare8040560.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"3048_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911642","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.911642","volume":"13","author":"D Theofanidis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Theofanidis D, Karavasileiadou S, Almegewly W. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Greece. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:911642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.911642.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3048_CR34","volume-title":"European Programme of Work (2020\u20132025) - United Action for Better Health. Document No.: WHO\/EURO:2021-3436-43195-60509","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Compendium of the Roadmap for Health and Well-being in the Western Balkans (2021\u20132025. European Programme of Work (2020\u20132025) - United Action for Better Health. Document No.: WHO\/EURO:2021-3436-43195-60509. Geneva: WHO, Regional Office for Europe; 2021."},{"issue":"11","key":"3048_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10112162","volume":"10","author":"L Dumitrache","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dumitrache L, Nae M, Mareci A, Tudoricu A, Cioclu A, Velicu A. Experiences and Perceived Barriers of Asylum Seekers and People with Refugee Backgrounds in Accessing Healthcare Services in Romania. Healthcare. 2022;10(11):2162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10112162.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-1022-2","volume":"18","author":"M \u017dagar","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u017dagar M, Rotar PD, \u0160vab I, Maksuti A, Ili\u0107 B, Smrekar M, et al. Through health workers\u2019 eyes: a qualitative study of health service provision for migrants at Schengen border. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-019-1022-2.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"9918","key":"3048_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)62291-6","volume":"383","author":"A Kentikelenis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kentikelenis A, Karanikolos M, Reeves A, McKee M, Stuckler D. Greece\u2019s health crisis: from austerity to denialism. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):748\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)62291-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3048_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/19448953.2018.1530382","volume":"21","author":"B Aras","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aras B, Duman Y. I\/NGOs\u2019 Assistance to Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Opportunities and Challenges. J Balk Near East Stud. 2018;21(4):478\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19448953.2018.1530382.","journal-title":"J Balk Near East Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"3048_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018105","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018105","volume":"10","author":"A Gold","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gold A, Perplies C, Biddle L, Bozorgmehr K. Primary healthcare models for refugees involving nurses: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Glob Health. 2025;10(3):e018105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-018105.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3048_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x19000190","volume":"34","author":"N Kavukcu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kavukcu N, Alt\u0131nta\u015f K. The Challenges of the Health Care Providers in Refugee Settings: A Systematic Review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):188\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x19000190.","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"3048_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1065-z","volume":"17","author":"R Suphanchaimat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suphanchaimat R, Kantamaturapoj K, Putthasri W, Prakongsai P. Challenges in the provision of healthcare services for migrants: a systematic review through providers\u2019 lens. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;17(15):390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-015-1065-z.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3048_CR42","unstructured":"World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations, Worldwide NGO, Directory Tarrytown NY. World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations. Accessed 9 May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.wango.org\/resources.aspx?section=ngodir"},{"key":"3048_CR43","unstructured":"Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants. Members Brussels: PICUM. Accessed 9. May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/picum.org\/members\/"},{"key":"3048_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-46847-7","volume-title":"Interviews mit Experten: Eine praxisorientierte Einf\u00fchrung","author":"A Bogner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bogner A, Littig B, Menz W. Interviews mit Experten: Eine praxisorientierte Einf\u00fchrung. Wiesbaden: Springer; 2026."},{"key":"3048_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-21308-4_42","volume-title":"Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung","author":"P Mayring","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayring P, Fenzl T. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. In: Baur N, Blasius J, editors. Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden; 2019. pp. 633\u201348."},{"key":"3048_CR46","unstructured":"VERBI - Software. Consult. Sozialforschung. GmbH. MAXQDA Plus; 2022."},{"key":"3048_CR47","volume-title":"Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons. Rights and obligations of NGOs assisting refugees and migrants in Europe. Report No.: 15161","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Council of Europe. Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Migration, Refugees and Displaced Persons. Rights and obligations of NGOs assisting refugees and migrants in Europe. Report No.: 15161. Brussels: European Union Parliamentary Assembly; 2020."},{"key":"3048_CR48","volume-title":"NGOs: our right arm (Refugees Magazine Issue 97(3))","author":"C Berthiaume","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berthiaume C. NGOs: our right arm (Refugees Magazine Issue 97(3)). Washington: UNHCR; 1994."},{"key":"3048_CR49","unstructured":"European Commission, Vertretung in Deutschland. Humanitaere Hilfe f\u00fcr 2024: EU- Kommission stellt \u00fcber 1,8 Milliarden Euro bereit Berlin: European Commission, Vertretung in Deutschland. 2024. Accessed 15 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/germany.representation.ec.europa.eu\/news\/humanitare-hilfe-fur-2024-eu-kommission-stellt-uber-18-milliarden-euro-bereit-2024-02-12_de"},{"issue":"6","key":"3048_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/imig.12273","volume":"54","author":"\u0160N Kogov\u0161ek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kogov\u0161ek \u0160N. Asylum Systems in the Western Balkan Countries: Current Issues. Int Migration. 2016;54(6):151\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imig.12273.","journal-title":"Int Migration"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07683-2","volume":"22","author":"S Brenner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brenner S, Lok V. We assist the health system doing the work that should be done by others - a qualitative study on experiences of grassroots level organizations providing refugee health care during the 2015 migration event in Germany. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-07683-2.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"3048_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183x.2022.2157802","volume":"50","author":"B Padilla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Padilla B, Castellani S, Rodrigues V. Who cares? Civil society organizations as healthcare life vest for migrants in post troika Portugal. J Ethn Migr Stud. 2022;50(12):3170\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369183x.2022.2157802.","journal-title":"J Ethn Migr Stud"},{"issue":"11","key":"3048_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183x.2022.2047908","volume":"48","author":"\u00d6 Zihnio\u011flu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zihnio\u011flu \u00d6, Dalk\u0131ran M. From social capital to social cohesion: Syrian refugees in Turkey and the role of NGOs as intermediaries. J Ethn Migr Stud. 2022;48(11):2455\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369183x.2022.2047908.","journal-title":"J Ethn Migr Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"3048_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.07.018","volume":"74","author":"N Gottlieb","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gottlieb N, Filc D, Davidovitch N. Medical humanitarianism, human rights and political advocacy: the case of the Israeli Open Clinic. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(6):839\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.07.018.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0899764000291009","volume":"29","author":"D Young","year":"2000","unstructured":"Young D. Alternative Models of Government-Nonprofit Sector Relations: Theoretical and International Perspectives. Nonprofit Voluntary Sect Q. 2000;29(1):149\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0899764000291009.","journal-title":"Nonprofit Voluntary Sect Q"},{"issue":"4","key":"3048_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/nml.10403","volume":"10","author":"A Najam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Najam A, The Four C\u2019s of Government Third Sector-Government Relations. Nonprofit Mgmnt Ldrshp. 2003;10(4):375\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nml.10403.","journal-title":"Nonprofit Mgmnt Ldrshp"},{"key":"3048_CR57","unstructured":"Davoli A. Die Europaeische Buergerinitiative Brussels: European Parliament; 2024. Accessed 20 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/erpl-app-public\/factsheets\/pdf\/de\/FTU_4.1.5.pdf"},{"key":"3048_CR58","unstructured":"Council of Europe. The Conference of INGOs Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed 20 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/ingo\/conference"},{"key":"3048_CR59","unstructured":"European Parliament, European Council. Regulation (EU) 2021\/1147 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund. Document No.: L 251\/1. Brussels: European Parliament, European Council. 2021 Jul 7."},{"key":"3048_CR60","volume-title":"Recommendation CM\/Rec(2007)14 of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organisations in Europe. Document No.: HDIM.IO\/59\/08","author":"Council of Europe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Council of Europe. Recommendation CM\/Rec(2007)14 of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers to member states on the legal status of non-governmental organisations in Europe. Document No.: HDIM.IO\/59\/08. Strasbourg: Council of Europe; 2008."},{"key":"3048_CR61","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. Greece: Migrant Rescue Trial to Begin New York, NY: Human Rights Watch. 2022. Accessed 20 Jun 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2022\/12\/22\/greece-migrant-rescue-trial-begin"},{"key":"3048_CR62","unstructured":"Bundesgesetzblatt, Jun. Rueckfuehrungsverbesserungsgesetz 2024 (BGBl. Nr. 54), Artikel 1, Paragraf 1b 2024. Accessed 20. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.recht.bund.de\/bgbl\/1\/2024\/54\/VO.html"},{"key":"3048_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003341536-15","volume-title":"Handbook of Civil Society and Social Movements in Small States","author":"D Kalweit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalweit D, Grech W. Shrinking spaces for migrant-support CSOs in Malta, Cyprus and Slovenia. In: Briguglio L, Bunwaree S, Briguglio M, Slatter C, editors. Handbook of Civil Society and Social Movements in Small States. London: Routledge; 2023. pp. 174\u201388."},{"key":"3048_CR64","first-page":"74","volume":"20","author":"\u00dc S\u00f6zen","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00f6zen \u00dc. Civil society under siege in Turkey: authoritarianism, polarisation and counterstrategies. Humanitarian Altern. 2022;20:74\u201383.","journal-title":"Humanitarian Altern"},{"issue":"3","key":"3048_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/0263775820958709","volume":"39","author":"L Schack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schack L, Witcher A. Hostile hospitality and the criminalization of civil society actors aiding border crossers in Greece. Environ Plan D. 2020;39(3):477\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0263775820958709.","journal-title":"Environ Plan D"},{"issue":"2","key":"3048_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-020-00312-8","volume":"33","author":"AE \u00d6zdora","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d6zdora AE, Dimitrova D. Walking on a Tightrope: Challenges and Opportunities for Civil Society Organizations Working with Refugees and Migrants in Turkey. Voluntas. 2022;33(2):374\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11266-020-00312-8.","journal-title":"Voluntas"},{"issue":"2","key":"3048_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-019-00145-0","volume":"31","author":"K Brock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brock K. Government and Non-profit Collaboration in Times of Deliverology, Policy Innovation Laboratories and Hubs, and New Public Governance. Voluntas. 2020;31(2):257\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11266-019-00145-0.","journal-title":"Voluntas"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/npf-2021-0007","volume":"12","author":"\u00c1 K\u00f6v\u00e9r","year":"2021","unstructured":"K\u00f6v\u00e9r \u00c1. The Relationship between Government and Civil Society in the Era of COVID-19. Nonprofit Policy Forum. 2021;12(1):1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/npf-2021-0007.","journal-title":"Nonprofit Policy Forum"},{"key":"3048_CR69","unstructured":"Prague Security Studies Institute. Cooperation between civil society and state sector: problems and solutions. Summary of the expert panel discussion Prague: Prague Security Studies Institute. 2017. Accessed 20 Jun 2024. Available from: http:\/\/eap-csf.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/EaP_en_v02.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3048_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/nvsm.66","volume":"4","author":"K Gaskin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gaskin K. Blurred vision: public trust in charities. J Philanthr Mark. 1999;4(2):163\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nvsm.66.","journal-title":"J Philanthr Mark"},{"issue":"4","key":"3048_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-018-0014-y","volume":"30","author":"C-J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu C-J, Expectation. Commitment, and Charitable Giving: The Mediating Role of Trust and the Moderating Role of Social Status. Voluntas. 2018;30(4):754\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11266-018-0014-y.","journal-title":"Voluntas"},{"issue":"6","key":"3048_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1177\/08997640211003250","volume":"50","author":"C Chapman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chapman C, Hornsey M, Gillespie N. To What Extent Is Trust a Prerequisite for Charitable Giving? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nonprofit Voluntary Sect Q. 2021;50(6):1274\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08997640211003250.","journal-title":"Nonprofit Voluntary Sect Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"3048_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1369148116682655","volume":"19","author":"V Keating","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keating V, Thrandardottir E. NGOs, trust, and the accountability agenda. Br J Politics Int Relat. 2016;19(1):134\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1369148116682655.","journal-title":"Br J Politics Int Relat"},{"issue":"165","key":"3048_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.4347","volume":"109","author":"H Waniak-Michalak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waniak-Michalak H, Perica I, Leitoniene S. From NGOs\u2019 accountability to social trust. The evidence from CEE countries. Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowo\u015bci. 2020;109(165):173\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/01.3001.0014.4347.","journal-title":"Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowo\u015bci"},{"key":"3048_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789292685980","volume-title":"World Migration Report 2024. Report No.: PUB2023\/047\/L","author":"International Organization for Migration","year":"2024","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration. World Migration Report 2024. Report No.: PUB2023\/047\/L. Geneva: IOM; 2024."},{"issue":"8","key":"3048_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/09614524.2012.714745","volume":"22","author":"C van der Borgh","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Borgh C, Terwindt C. Shrinking operational space of NGOs - a framework of analysis. Dev Pract. 2012;22(8):1065\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09614524.2012.714745.","journal-title":"Dev Pract"}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:57:10Z","timestamp":1790326630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03048-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich (project number: 24\u20130046; February 23, 2024). All participants provided written informed consent. Data were anonymized and securely stored.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Generative AI was used to support English language editing and to assist in preparing the map presented in this manuscript. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"222"}}