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This represents a salient knowledge gap, given the growing interest in digital health to improve access, flexibility, and patient empowerment for marginalised populations. This study aimed to explore: (1) how women experiencing homelessness access and use digital technologies to support their health and wellbeing in everyday life; and (2) how their engagement with digital health is shaped by, and shapes, their interactions with health and social care systems, as well as with third-sector organisations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This qualitative longitudinal study gathered data through narrative interviews and participant observations with nine women experiencing homelessness in London, England. Data were analysed using a three-phase phenomenological-hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur\u2019s narrative and interpretation theory. Women with lived experience of homelessness contributed to the study design and recruitment processes, co-produced study materials, supported the analysis and interpretation of findings, and co-produced recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using eHealthism as an interpretive lens, our analysis identified three themes: (1) Taking care of my health on my own terms \u2013 with or without digital tools; (2) When digital tools are not enough \u2013 I still need support; and (3) Digital health can work \u2013 but it\u2019s not the same as seeing someone face-to-face.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the findings, we propose a three-layer conceptual framework of exclusion mechanisms in eHealthism, along with corresponding recommendations for inclusion health. Together the individual, relational, and contextual layers of exclusion mechanisms challenge assumptions of individual responsibility and universal digital empowerment, highlighting the need for meaningful choice in hybrid care and for ongoing, trauma\u2011informed relational support. Addressing these complexities is essential for developing inclusive digital health strategies that advance health equity for women experiencing homelessness and other groups at risk of social exclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:50:26Z","timestamp":1791669026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["eHealthism in inclusion health: a qualitative longitudinal study with women experiencing homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sophie Nadia","family":"Gaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Klarare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny Eriksson","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Rapaport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"in collaboration with the Women\u2019s Advisory Board for Inclusion Health","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3061_CR1","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007."}],"container-title":["International Journal for Equity in Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:04:01Z","timestamp":1791939841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-026-03061-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-9276"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-9276","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration\u2019s ethical principles [\n                      \n                      ]. The study was approved by the UCL Research Ethics Committee (No. 23885\/001). Additional approval was obtained from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (No. 2023-00211-01) to share anonymised transcripts for analysis with the research team at Marie Cederschi\u00f6ld University College in Stockholm, Sweden. All participants provided written informed consent for all data used in the present study. Written informed consent was provided at the first data collection and verbally recorded informed consent at subsequent data collection sessions. Pseudonyms were used to protect the confidentiality of participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided written and oral informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"240"}}