{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:25:47Z","timestamp":1775640347291,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015CB553401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB553401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YS2017YFGH000700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YS2017YFGH000700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41421064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41421064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21190051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21190051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41121004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41121004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science & Technology Project","award":["JSGG20170413173425899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20170413173425899"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T06:55:48Z","timestamp":1544684148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Responses of healthy young males to fine-particle exposure are modified by exercise habits: a panel study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","volume":"56","author":"CR Pope","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pope CR, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2006;56:709\u201342.","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"437_CR2","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. 2009. \n                    http:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/cfm\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=201805#Download\n                    \n                  . Accessed 19 Feb 2009."},{"key":"437_CR3","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Report to Congress on black carbon. 2012. \n                    https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/si\/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=OAQPS&dirEntryID=240148\n                    \n                  . Accessed Mar 2012."},{"issue":"21","key":"437_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","volume":"121","author":"RD Brook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CR, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"437_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2009.08.005","volume":"3","author":"RD Brook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Particulate matter, air pollution, and blood pressure. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2009;3(5):332\u201350.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Hypertension"},{"key":"437_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-015-4878-4","volume":"58","author":"YQ Han","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han YQ, Zhu T. Health effects of fine particles (PM_(2.5)) in ambient air. Science China Life Science. 2015;58:624\u20136.","journal-title":"Science China Life Science"},{"issue":"19","key":"437_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02527","volume":"49","author":"R Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen R, Qiao L, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xu W, et al. Fine particulate matter constituents, nitric oxide synthase DNA methylation and exhaled nitric oxide. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49(19):11859\u201365.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"key":"437_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0492-z","volume":"58","author":"JL Nichols","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nichols JL, Owens EO, Dutton SJ, Luben TJ. Systematic review of the effects of black carbon on cardiovascular disease among individuals with pre-existing disease. Int J Public Health. 2013;58:707\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"437_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104262","volume":"120","author":"DQ Rich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rich DQ, Zareba W, Beckett W, Hopke PK, Oakes D, Frampton MW, et al. Are ambient ultrafine, accumulation mode, and fine particles associated with adverse cardiac responses in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation? Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1162\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"437_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103461","volume":"119","author":"WW Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin WW, Huang W, Zhu T, Hu M, Brunekreef B, Zhang YH, et al. Acute respiratory inflammation in children and black carbon in ambient air before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119:1507\u201312.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"437_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.196","volume":"565","author":"YQ Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han YQ, Zhu T, Guan TJ, Zhu Y, Liu J, et al. Association between size-segregated particles in ambient air and acute respiratory inflammation. Science of Total Environment. 2016;565:412\u20139.","journal-title":"Science of Total Environment."},{"issue":"1","key":"437_CR12","first-page":"61","volume":"1","author":"A Valado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Valado A, Tavares PC, Pereira L, Ribeiro CF. Anaerobic exercise and oxidative stress - effect of the intense exercise on nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. In: Bio' 07, proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS international conference on cellular and molecular biology. Biophysics and Bioengineering. 2007;1(1):61\u20135.","journal-title":"Biophysics and Bioengineering"},{"key":"437_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408698","volume":"123","author":"ZJ Andersen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andersen ZJ, de Nazelle A, Mendez MA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Hertel O, Tjonneland A, et al. A study of the combined effects of physical activity and air pollution on mortality in elderly urban residents: the Danish diet, Cancer, and health cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:557\u201363.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"437_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2007","volume":"103","author":"M Gleeson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103:693\u20139.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"437_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9679-1","volume":"193","author":"M Kargarfard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kargarfard M, Shariat A, Shaw BS, Shaw I, Lam ET, Kheiri A, et al. Effects of polluted air on cardiovascular and hematological parameters after progressive maximal aerobic exercise. Lung. 2015;193:275\u201381.","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"437_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2011.35.4.364","volume":"35","author":"HR Kwon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kwon HR, Min KW, Ahn HJ, Seok HG, Lee JH, Park GS, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise vs. resistance training on endothelial function in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35:364\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"437_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.4.246","volume":"34","author":"BK Pedersen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pedersen BK, Toft AD. Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines. Brit J Sport Med. 2000;34:246\u201351.","journal-title":"Brit J Sport Med"},{"key":"437_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110469","volume":"122","author":"D Thijssen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thijssen D, Cable NT, Green DJ. Impact of exercise training on arterial wall thickness in humans. Clin Sci. 2012;122:311\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"437_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.12.012","volume":"44","author":"CM Wong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong CM, Ou CQ, Thach TQ, Chau YK, Chan KP, Ho SY, et al. Does regular exercise protect against air pollution-associated mortality? Prev Med. 2007;44:386\u201392.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"437_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051351","volume":"174","author":"D Warburton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warburton D, Nicol CW, Bredin S. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;174:801\u20139.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"437_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2013.10.006","volume":"6","author":"JY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee JY, Lee DC. Cardiac and pulmonary benefits of forest walking versus city walking in elderly women: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2014;6:5\u201311.","journal-title":"European Journal of Integrative Medicine"},{"key":"437_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2010005000126","volume":"95","author":"AS Zago","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zago AS, Kokubun E, Fenty-Stewart N, Park JY, Attipoe S, Hagberg J, et al. Effect of physical activity and T-786C polymorphism in blood pressure and blood flow in the elderly. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95:510\u20137.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"437_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.11.006","volume":"18","author":"F Franzoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Franzoni F, Ghiadoni L, Galetta F, Plantinga Y, Lubrano V, Huang Y, et al. Physical activity, plasma antioxidant capacity, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in young and older men. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:510\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"437_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.02.003","volume":"102","author":"Y Higashi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacol Ther. 2004;102:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"437_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/tam.6.2.100.105","volume":"6","author":"J Karolkiewicz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karolkiewicz J, Szczesniak L, Deskur-Smielecka E, Nowak A, Stemplewski R, Szeklicki R. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in healthy, elderly men: relationship to physical activity. Aging Male. 2003;6:100\u20135.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"437_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.096","volume":"468","author":"M Nyhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nyhan M, McNabola A, Misstear B. Comparison of particulate matter dose and acute heart rate variability response in cyclists, pedestrians, bus and train passengers. Science of Total Environment. 2014;468:821\u201331.","journal-title":"Science of Total Environment"},{"key":"437_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2610-1","volume":"271","author":"S Aydin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aydin S, Cingi C, San T, Ulusoy S, Orhan I. The effects of air pollutants on nasal functions of outdoor runners. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L. 2014;271:713\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-L"},{"key":"437_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370304468","volume":"15","author":"CC Daigle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daigle CC, Chalupa DC, Gibb FR, Morrow PE, Oberdorster G, Utell MJ, et al. Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15:539\u201352.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"437_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch104","volume":"97","author":"JE Sharman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sharman JE, Cockcroft JR, Coombes JS. Cardiovascular implications of exposure to traffic air pollution during exercise. Qjm-Int J Med. 2004;97:637\u201343.","journal-title":"Qjm-Int J Med"},{"key":"437_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000080893.55729.28","volume":"108","author":"C Goto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003;108:530\u20135.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"437_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.06.001","volume":"220","author":"S Endes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Endes S, Schaffner E, Caviezel S, Dratva J, Stolz D, et al. Is physical activity a modifier of the association between air pollution and arterial stiffness in older adults: the SAPALDIA cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(6):1030\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"437_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000139","volume":"36","author":"P Giorgini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giorgini P, Rubenfire M, Bard RL, Jackson EA, Ferri C, et al. Air pollution and exercise: a review of the cardiovascular implications for health care professionals. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016;36(2):84\u201395.","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"437_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00117708","volume":"33","author":"V Bougault","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bougault V, Turmel J, St-Laurent J, Bertrand M, Boulet LP. Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes. Eur Respir J. 2009;33:740\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"437_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370490270918","volume":"16","author":"KW Rundell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rundell KW. Pulmonary function decay in women ice hockey players: is there a relationship to ice rink air quality? Inhal Toxicol. 2004;16:117\u201323.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"437_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.040","volume":"117","author":"M Laeremans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laeremans M, Dons E, Avila-Palencia I, Carrasco-Turigas G, Orjuela JP, et al. Short-term effects of physical activity, air pollution and their interaction on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Environ Int. 2018;117:82\u201390.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"437_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0070-4","volume":"11","author":"S Weichenthal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weichenthal S, Hatzopoulou M, Goldberg MS. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity and acute changes in blood pressure, autonomic and micro-vascular function in women: a cross-over study. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014;11:70.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"437_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9810693","volume":"106","author":"SA Korrick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Korrick SA, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Gold DR, Allen GA, Hill LB, et al. Effects of ozone and other pollutants on the pulmonary function of adult hikers. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106(2):93\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"437_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.011","volume":"97","author":"F Matt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matt F, Cole-Hunter T, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Kubesch N, Martinez D, et al. Acute respiratory response to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity performance. Environ Int. 2016;97:45\u201355.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"437_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201205-0850OC","volume":"186","author":"W Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang W, Wang GF, Lu SE, Kipen H, Wang YD, Hu M, et al. Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of healthy young adults to changes in air quality during the Beijing Olympics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:1150\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"437_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.7.1827","volume":"95","author":"CH Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen CH, Nevo E, Fetics B, Pak PH, Yin FC, Maughan WL, et al. Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure. Validation of generalized transfer function. Circulation. 1997;95:1827\u201336.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"437_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt271","volume":"179","author":"AJ Mehta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehta AJ, Zanobetti A, Koutrakis P, Mittleman MA, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, et al. Associations between short-term changes in air pollution and correlates of arterial stiffness: the veterans affairs normative aging study, 2007-2011. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179:192\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"437_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283611bac","volume":"31","author":"WW Nichols","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nichols WW, Denardo SJ, Johnson BD, Sharaf BL, Bairey MC, Pepine CJ. Increased wave reflection and ejection duration in women with chest pain and nonobstructive coronary artery disease: ancillary study from the Women's ischemia syndrome evaluation. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1447\u201355.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"437_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000165025.16381.44","volume":"45","author":"JA Chirinos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chirinos JA, Zambrano JP, Chakko S, Veerani A, Schob A, et al. Aortic pressure augmentation predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary artery disease. Hypertension. 2005;45(5):980\u20135.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"437_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.022","volume":"150","author":"JJ Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi JJ, Chen RJ, Yang CY, Lin ZJ, Cai J, et al. Association between fine particulate matter chemical constituents and airway inflammation: a panel study among healthy adults in China. Environ Res. 2016;150:264\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"437_CR45","first-page":"5","volume":"174","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Wang G, Huang W, et al. Cardiorespiratory biomarker responses in healthy young adults to drastic air quality changes surrounding the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2013;174:5\u2013174.","journal-title":"Res Rep Health Eff Inst"},{"issue":"9","key":"437_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1021\/es5006016","volume":"48","author":"J Gong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gong J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Wang G, Hu M, et al. Comparisons of ultrafine and fine particles in their associations with biomarkers reflecting physiological pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(9):5264\u201373.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"437_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2015.1136712","volume":"66","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X, Sun YT, Zhao Q, Song X, Huang W, et al. Design and characterization of human exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles in a pilot chamber study. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2016;66(4):366\u201376.","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc."},{"key":"437_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-36","volume":"12","author":"S Barath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barath S, Mills NL, Adelroth E, Olin AC, Blomberg A. Diesel exhaust but not ozone increases fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in a randomized controlled experimental exposure study of healthy human subjects. Environ Health. 2013;12:36.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"437_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104389","volume":"120","author":"M Strak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strak M, Janssen NA, Godri KJ, Gosens I, Mudway IS, et al. Respiratory health effects of airborne particulate matter: the role of particle size, composition, and oxidative potential-the RAPTES project. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(8):1183\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"437_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-6-7","volume":"6","author":"M Lundback","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lundback M, Mills NL, Lucking A, Barath S, Donaldson K, et al. Experimental exposure to diesel exhaust increases arterial stiffness in man. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2009;6:7.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"437_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-20","volume":"10","author":"J Unosson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Unosson J, Blomberg A, Sandstrom T, Muala A, Boman C, et al. Exposure to wood smoke increases arterial stiffness and decreases heart rate variability in humans. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2013;10:20.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"437_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01958.x","volume":"57","author":"A Mahmud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mahmud A, Feely J. Effects of passive smoking on blood pressure and aortic pressure waveform in healthy young adults--influence of gender. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(1):37\u201343.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"437_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-017-0530-8","volume":"11","author":"R Golan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Golan R, Ladva C, Greenwald R, Krall JR, Raysoni AU, et al. Acute pulmonary and inflammatory response in young adults following a scripted car commute. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2018;11(2):123\u201336.","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"437_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00149.2015","volume":"309","author":"A Wauters","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wauters A, Vicenzi M, De Becker B, Riga JP, Esmaeilzadeh F, et al. At high cardiac output, diesel exhaust exposure increases pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases distensibility of pulmonary resistive vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;309(12):H2137\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"437_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-015-0049-0","volume":"14","author":"JE Mirowsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirowsky JE, Peltier RE, Lippmann M, Thurston G, Chen LC, et al. Repeated measures of inflammation, blood pressure, and heart rate variability associated with traffic exposures in healthy adults. Environ Health. 2015;14:66.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"437_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.010","volume":"114","author":"X Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui X, Li F, Xiang J, Fang M, Chung MK, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of overnight indoor air filtration in healthy nonsmoking adults: a double-blind randomized crossover study. Environ Int. 2018;114:27\u201336.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"437_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.987263","volume":"123","author":"AJ Lucking","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucking AJ, Lundback M, Barath SL, Mills NL, Sidhu MK, et al. Particle traps prevent adverse vascular and prothrombotic effects of diesel engine exhaust inhalation in men. Circulation. 2011;123(16):1721\u20138.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"437_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2015.11.015","volume":"10","author":"JB Byrd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Byrd JB, Morishita M, Bard RL, Das R, Wang L, et al. Acute increase in blood pressure during inhalation of coarse particulate matter air pollution from an urban location. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10(2):133\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"437_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181dec3a7","volume":"21","author":"V Lenters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenters V, Uiterwaal CS, Beelen R, Bots ML, Fischer P, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and vascular damage in young adults. Epidemiology. 2010;21(4):512\u201320.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"437_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7141.2010.00074.x","volume":"13","author":"RL Bard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bard RL, Dvonch JT, Kaciroti N, Lustig SA, Brook RD. Is acute high-dose secondhand smoke exposure always harmful to microvascular function in healthy adults? Prev Cardiol. 2010;13(4):175\u20139.","journal-title":"Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"437_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262311","volume":"42","author":"PT Cutrufello","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cutrufello PT, Smoliga JM, Rundell KW. Small things make a big difference: particulate matter and exercise. Sports Med. 2012;42(12):1041\u201358.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"437_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2863","volume":"20","author":"MT Fonseca","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fonseca MT, Voegels RL, Pinto KM. Evaluation of nasal volume by acoustic rhinometry before and after physical exercise. Am J Rhinol. 2006;20:269\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"437_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-972993","volume":"16","author":"G Muns","year":"1995","unstructured":"Muns G, Singer P, Wolf F, Rubinstein I. Impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1995;16:209\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"437_CR64","first-page":"102","volume":"2","author":"EG Ciolac","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ciolac EG. High-intensity interval training and hypertension: maximizing the benefits of exercise? Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;2(2):102\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"437_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","volume":"346","author":"J Myers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:793\u2013801.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"437_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.03.017","volume":"156","author":"SJ Keteyian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keteyian SJ, Brawner CA, Savage PD, Ehrman JK, Schairer J, Divine G, et al. Peak aerobic capacity predicts prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease. Am Heart J. 2008;156:292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"437_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-017-9647-2","volume":"24","author":"L Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu L, Zhu L, Xu YP, Lyu JY, Imm K, et al. Relationship between air quality and outdoor exercise behavior in China: a novel mobile-based study. Int J Behav Med. 2017;24(4):520\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"437_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.09.010","volume":"44","author":"M Branis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Branis M, Safranek J, Hytychova A. Exposure of children to airborne particulate matter of different size fractions during indoor physical education at school. Build Environ. 2009;44(6):1246\u201352.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"437_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.042","volume":"445","author":"ZA Nasir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nasir ZA, Colbeck I. Particulate pollution in different housing types in a UK suburban location. Sci Total Environ. 2013;445:165\u201376.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"37","key":"437_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.07.013","volume":"38","author":"HK Lai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lai HK, Kendall M, Ferrier H, Lindup I, Alm S, et al. Personal exposures and microenvironment concentrations of PM2.5, VOC, NO2 and CO in Oxford, UK. Atmos Environ. 2004;38(37):6399\u2013410.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"16","key":"437_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802112000","volume":"71","author":"S O'Connell","year":"2008","unstructured":"O'Connell S, Au-Yeung HK, Gregory CJ, Matthews IP. Outdoor and indoor respirable air particulate concentrations in differing urban traffic microenvironments. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(16):1069\u201372.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"437_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Y, Zou J, Yang W, Li C. A Review of Recent Advances in Research on PM2.5 in China. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2018; 15(3): 438.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030438"},{"key":"437_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.119","volume":"626","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Luo Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Lin Y. Health and economic benefits of building ventilation interventions for reducing indoor PM2.5 exposure from both indoor and outdoor origins in urban Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ. 2018;626:546\u201354.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"437_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-7-36","volume":"7","author":"JM Cavallari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cavallari JM, Eisen EA, Fang SC, Schwartz J, Hauser R, et al. PM2.5 metal exposures and nocturnal heart rate variability: a panel study of boilermaker construction workers. Environ Health. 2008;7:36.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"437_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1021\/es803337c","volume":"43","author":"Y Wei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wei Y, Han IK, Shao M, Hu M, Zhang OJ, et al. PM2.5 constituents and oxidative DNA damage in humans. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(13):4757\u201362.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T19:15:13Z","timestamp":1576178113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-018-0437-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Sciences Centre (IRB00001052\u201314076), and written consents were obtained from all subjects.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"88"}}