{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1792152235490,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011541","name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-CP010119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-CP010119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01-ES049030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01-ES049030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men in developed countries; however, little is known about modifiable risk factors. Some studies have implicated organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides as risk factors (particularly the organodithioate class) and risk of clinically significant PCa subtypes. However, few studies have evaluated other pesticides. We used data from the Agricultural Health Study, a large prospective cohort of pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa, to extend our previous work and evaluate 39 additional pesticides and aggressive PCa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used Cox proportional hazards models, with age as the time scale, to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between ever use of individual pesticides and 883 cases of aggressive PCa (distant stage, poorly differentiated grade, Gleason score\u2009\u2265\u20097, or fatal prostate cancer) diagnosed between 1993 and 2015. All models adjusted for birth year, state, family history of PCa, race, and smoking status. We conducted exposure-response analyses for pesticides with reported lifetime years of use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was an increased aggressive PCa risk among ever users of the organodithioate insecticide dimethoate (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200954 exposed cases, HR\u2009=\u20091.37, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.04, 1.80) compared to never users. We observed an inverse association between aggressive PCa and the herbicide triclopyr (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200935 exposed cases, HR\u2009=\u20090.68, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.48, 0.95), with the strongest inverse association for those reporting durations of use above the median (\u2265 4\u2009years;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913 exposed cases, HR=0.44, 95% CI=0.26, 0.77).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few additional pesticides were associated with prostate cancer risk after evaluation of extended data from this large cohort of private pesticide applicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T09:05:26Z","timestamp":1583399126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Pesticide exposure and risk of aggressive prostate cancer among private pesticide applicators"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Larissa A.","family":"Pardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Beane Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Lerro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Andreotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine G.","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale P.","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Lubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Koutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"583_CR1","first-page":"1128","volume-title":"Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention","author":"CM Tangen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tangen CM, Heuhouser ML, Stanford JL. Prostate cancer. In: Thun MJ, Linet MS, Cerhan C, Haiman C, Schottenfeld D, editors. Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2018. p. 1128\u201350.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"12","key":"583_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29408","volume":"137","author":"JL Jahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jahn JL, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ. The high prevalence of undiagnosed prostate cancer at autopsy: implications for epidemiology and treatment of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen-era. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(12):2795\u2013802.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR3","first-page":"70","volume":"12","author":"ME Parent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parent ME, Desy M, Siemiatycki J. Does exposure to agricultural chemicals increase the risk of prostate cancer among farmers? Mcgill J Med. 2009;12(1):70\u20137.","journal-title":"Mcgill J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700230507","volume":"23","author":"A Blair","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blair A, Dosemeci M, Heineman EF. Cancer and other causes of death among male and female farmers from twenty-three states. Am J Ind Med. 1993;23(5):729\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1578","volume":"18","author":"A Blair","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blair A, Zahm SH, Pearce NE, Heineman EF, Fraumeni JF Jr. Clues to cancer etiology from studies of farmers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1992;18(4):209\u201315.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"583_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.22.1718","volume":"86","author":"M Dosemeci","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dosemeci M, Hoover RN, Blair A, et al. Farming and prostate cancer among African-Americans in the southeastern United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86(22):1718\u20139.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3552","volume":"42","author":"C Lemarchand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lemarchand C, Tual S, Boulanger M, et al. Prostate cancer risk among French farmers in the AGRICAN cohort. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2016;42(2):144\u201352.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"583_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.027383","volume":"64","author":"TE Meyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meyer TE, Coker AL, Sanderson M, Symanski E. A case-control study of farming and prostate cancer in African-American and Caucasian men. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(3):155\u201360.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"583_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-004-0548-8","volume":"77","author":"G Van Maele-Fabry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van Maele-Fabry G, Willems JL. Prostate cancer among pesticide applicators: a meta-analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2004;77(8):559\u201370.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-019-01140-y","volume":"30","author":"CC Lerro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, et al. Cancer incidence in the agricultural health study after 20 years of follow-up. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(4):311\u201322.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"583_CR11","volume-title":"Mortality in the agricultural health study: an updated analysis through","author":"CGP Srishti Shresthaa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Srishti Shresthaa CGP, Keilb AP, Umbachc DM, Lerrod CC, Lynche CF, Chenf H, Blaird A, Koutrosd S, Hofmannd JN, Beane Freemand LE, Sandler DP. Mortality in the agricultural health study: an updated analysis through; 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws225","volume":"177","author":"S Koutros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koutros S, Beane Freeman LE, Lubin JH, et al. Risk of total and aggressive prostate cancer and pesticide use in the agricultural health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(1):59\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"583_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408245","volume":"123","author":"S Koutros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koutros S, Langseth H, Grimsrud TK, et al. Prediagnostic serum organochlorine concentrations and metastatic prostate cancer: a nested case-control study in the Norwegian Janus Serum Bank Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(9):867\u201372.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.07.067","volume":"81","author":"V Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar V, Yadav CS, Singh S, et al. CYP 1A1 polymorphism and organochlorine pesticides levels in the etiology of prostate cancer. Chemosphere. 2010;81(4):464\u20138.","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"issue":"21","key":"583_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.2153","volume":"28","author":"L Multigner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Multigner L, Ndong JR, Giusti A, et al. Chlordecone exposure and risk of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(21):3457\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408407","volume":"123","author":"E Emeville","year":"2015","unstructured":"Emeville E, Giusti A, Coumoul X, Thome JP, Blanchet P, Multigner L. Associations of plasma concentrations of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls with prostate cancer: a case-control study in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(4):317\u201323.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104362","volume":"104","author":"MC Alavanja","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alavanja MC, Sandler DP, McMaster SB, et al. The agricultural health study. Environ Health Perspect. 1996;104(4):362\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"583_CR18","unstructured":"Fritz AG. International classification of diseases for oncology: ICD-O. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000."},{"key":"583_CR19","volume-title":"Chemicals registered for the first time as pesticidal active ingredients under FIFRA","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1994","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Chemicals registered for the first time as pesticidal active ingredients under FIFRA. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs; 1994."},{"key":"583_CR20","unstructured":"Farm chemicals handbook. Willoughby: Meister Pub. Co.; 2001."},{"key":"583_CR21","unstructured":"Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis. http:\/\/pmep.cce.cornell.edu\/profiles\/extoxnet\/. Accessed 28 Feb 2019."},{"key":"583_CR22","volume-title":"Sittig's handbook of pesticides and agricultural chemicals","author":"RP Pohanish","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pohanish RP, Sittig M. Sittig's handbook of pesticides and agricultural chemicals. 2nd ed. Norwich.: William Andrew Publishing; 2015.","edition":"2"},{"key":"583_CR23","volume-title":"Fluazifop-P-butyl. Report of the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2004","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Fluazifop-P-butyl. Report of the Metabolism Assessment Review Committee. Washington, D.C: Office of Prevention PaTS, ed; 2004."},{"key":"583_CR24","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Federal register notice: disulfoton and methamidophos; product cancellation order In: Agency USEP, ed. Vol 74 2009:48551\u201348554."},{"key":"583_CR25","volume-title":"Biomonitoring summary: dimethoate","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Biomonitoring summary: dimethoate. 2016; https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/biomonitoring\/DimethoateOmethoate_BiomonitoringSummary.html."},{"key":"583_CR26","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Miscellaneous pesticides. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1983;30:409\u2013424."},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(84)90089-6","volume":"34","author":"MD Reuber","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reuber MD. Carcinogenicity of dimethoate. Environ Res. 1984;34(2):193\u2013211.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"583_CR28","volume-title":"The biologic and economic assessment of dimethoate","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","year":"1979","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture. The biologic and economic assessment of dimethoate. 1979. https:\/\/naldc.nal.usda.gov\/download\/CAT81766128\/PDF."},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21232","volume":"71","author":"PR Band","year":"2011","unstructured":"Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, et al. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia farmers. Prostate. 2011;71(2):168\u201383.","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"issue":"7","key":"583_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0142-8","volume":"50","author":"FR Schumacher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schumacher FR, Al Olama AA, Berndt SI, et al. Association analyses of more than 140,000 men identify 63 new prostate cancer susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2018;50(7):928\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"583_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058195","volume":"8","author":"S Koutros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koutros S, Berndt SI, Hughes Barry K, et al. Genetic susceptibility loci, pesticide exposure and prostate cancer risk. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e58195.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"583_CR32","volume-title":"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Triclopyr","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1998","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Triclopyr. 1998."},{"key":"583_CR33","unstructured":"Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profiles (EXTOXNET). Triclopyr; 1993. http:\/\/pmep.cce.cornell.edu\/profiles\/extoxnet\/pyrethrins-ziram\/triclopyr-ext.html. Accessed 28 Feb 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.12.005","volume":"25","author":"JD Meeker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meeker JD, Ravi SR, Barr DB, Hauser R. Circulating estradiol in men is inversely related to urinary metabolites of nonpersistent insecticides. Reprod Toxicol. 2008;25(2):184\u201391.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000190602.14691.70","volume":"17","author":"JD Meeker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meeker JD, Ryan L, Barr DB, Hauser R. Exposure to nonpersistent insecticides and male reproductive hormones. Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):61\u20138.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"583_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.02.039","volume":"424","author":"GZ Fortenberry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fortenberry GZ, Hu H, Turyk M, Barr DB, Meeker JD. Association between urinary 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, a metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, and serum T4 and TSH in NHANES 1999-2002. Sci Total Environ. 2012;424:351\u20135.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"10","key":"583_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047730","volume":"7","author":"AM Mondul","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Bosworth T, Remaley AT, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Circulating thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and hypothyroid status and the risk of prostate cancer. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47730.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"583_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29576","volume":"137","author":"AM Mondul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mondul AM, Moore SC, Weinstein SJ, Karoly ED, Sampson JN, Albanes D. Metabolomic analysis of prostate cancer risk in a prospective cohort: the alpha-tocolpherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention (ATBC) study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(9):2124\u201332.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"583_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0911","volume":"18","author":"AI Hellevik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hellevik AI, Asvold BO, Bjoro T, Romundstad PR, Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Thyroid function and cancer risk: a prospective population study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(2):570\u20134.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580701307960","volume":"58","author":"SA Hoption Cann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoption Cann SA, Qiu Z, van Netten C. A prospective study of iodine status, thyroid function, and prostate cancer risk: follow-up of the first national health and nutrition examination survey. Nutr Cancer. 2007;58(1):28\u201334.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"583_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.04162","volume":"26","author":"ML Hsieh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hsieh ML, Juang HH. Cell growth effects of triiodothyronine and expression of thyroid hormone receptor in prostate carcinoma cells. J Androl. 2005;26(3):422\u20138.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"issue":"6","key":"583_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64161-4","volume":"168","author":"S Lehrer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lehrer S, Diamond EJ, Stone NN, Droller MJ, Stock RG. Serum triiodothyronine is increased in men with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2002;168(6):2431\u20133.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"583_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20725","volume":"68","author":"KH Tsui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsui KH, Hsieh WC, Lin MH, Chang PL, Juang HH. Triiodothyronine modulates cell proliferation of human prostatic carcinoma cells by downregulation of the B-cell translocation gene 2. Prostate. 2008;68(6):610\u20139.","journal-title":"Prostate."},{"issue":"6","key":"583_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718900800602","volume":"8","author":"NG Carmichael","year":"1989","unstructured":"Carmichael NG, Nolan RJ, Perkins JM, Davies R, Warrington SJ. Oral and dermal pharmacokinetics of triclopyr in human volunteers. Hum Toxicol. 1989;8(6):431\u20137.","journal-title":"Hum Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"583_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31829b290b","volume":"55","author":"WS Goldner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldner WS, Sandler DP, Yu F, et al. Hypothyroidism and pesticide use among male private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(10):1171\u20138.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"583_CR46","first-page":"113","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2018","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). DDT, Lindane, and 2,4-D. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; 2018. p. 113."},{"key":"583_CR47","volume-title":"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Bromoxynil. In: Agency USEP, ed","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1998","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Bromoxynil. In: Agency USEP, ed. 1998."},{"key":"583_CR48","volume-title":"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Linuron","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1995","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Linuron. 1995."},{"key":"583_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.07.005","volume":"389","author":"J Bai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bai J, Han H, Wang F, et al. Maternal linuron exposure alters testicular development in male offspring rats at the whole genome level. Toxicology. 2017;389:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Toxicology."},{"key":"583_CR50","volume-title":"Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Sethoxydim. In: Agency USEP, ed","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2005","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Sethoxydim. In: Agency USEP, ed. 2005."},{"issue":"1","key":"583_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00015","volume":"13","author":"A Blair","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blair A, Tarone R, Sandler D, et al. Reliability of reporting on life-style and agricultural factors by a sample of participants in the agricultural health study from Iowa. Epidemiology. 2002;13(1):94\u20139.","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"5","key":"583_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500232","volume":"12","author":"JA Hoppin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hoppin JA, Yucel F, Dosemeci M, Sandler DP. Accuracy of self-reported pesticide use duration information from licensed pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2002;12(5):313\u20138.","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"583_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.059469","volume":"68","author":"A Blair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blair A, Thomas K, Coble J, et al. Impact of pesticide exposure misclassification on estimates of relative risks in the agricultural health study. Occup Environ Med. 2011;68(7):537\u201341.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T19:22:56Z","timestamp":1614885776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-020-00583-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study protocol, including implied informed consent for completion of questionnaires, was approved by all relevant institutional review boards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}