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Whether there is an association between high ambient air pollutant concentrations and PTB has not been fully explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bayesian spatial-temporal models were constructed to analyse the association between ambient air pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of \u226410\u2009\u03bcm (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)) and PTB incidence, adjusting for socioeconomic covariates. We collected data on pulmonary TB, ambient air pollution (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) concentrations and socioeconomic covariates from 17 prefectures in the central Chinese province of Hubei between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For every annual 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>increase in SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, the relative risk (RR) of PTB incidence was 1.046 (95% credible interval [CI], 1.038\u20131.054) in the study area. Moreover, we found positive associations with each annual 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>increase in ambient air pollutants (PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in females but only with SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>in males. A significant association for each 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>increase in SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>was observed in all the age groups, with a significant association for PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>only in children under 14\u2009years of age. A significant response relationship was also observed at a 0\u20131\u2009month moving average lag for each 10\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>increase in SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High ambient air pollution concentrations in areas of developing countries might increase the risk of regional PTB incidence, especially for women and young people. Precautions and protective measures and efforts to reduce ambient air pollutant concentrations should be strengthened in developing countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00604-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T12:08:18Z","timestamp":1589458098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Associations of ambient air pollutants with regional pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in the central Chinese province of Hubei: a Bayesian spatial-temporal analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofa","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Comas I, Coscolla M, Luo T. 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Data of PTB and HIV were secondary without any personal information, which properly anonymized and informed consent was obtained by the Hubei CDC at the time of original data collection. We confirm that no member of our research team named in the author list of the paper had access to identifying patient information when analyzing the data. Our exemption from approval has been granted by Ethics Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"51"}}