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Moreover, previous evaluations typically studied individual (not mixed) emissions. We investigated associations between individual and combined exposures to industrial sulfur dioxide (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and fine particles matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) on anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), a characteristic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serum ACPA was determined for 7600 randomly selected CARTaGENE general population subjects in Quebec, Canada. Industrial SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations, estimated by the California Puff (CALPUFF) atmospheric dispersion model, were assigned based on residential postal codes at the time of sera collection. Single-exposure logistic regressions were performed for ACPA positivity defined by 20\u2009U\/ml, 40\u2009U\/ml, and 60\u2009U\/ml thresholds, adjusting for age, sex, French Canadian origin, smoking, and family income. Associations between regional overall PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure and ACPA positivity were also investigated. The associations between the combined three industrial exposures and the ACPA positivity were assessed by weighted quantile sum (WQS) regressions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Significant associations between individual industrial exposures and ACPA positivity defined by the 20\u2009U\/ml threshold were seen with single-exposure logistic regression models, for industrial emissions of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (odds ratio, OR\u2009=\u20091.19, 95% confidence intervals, CI: 1.04\u20131.36) and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (OR\u2009=\u20091.03, 95% CI: 1.00\u20131.06), without clear associations for NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (OR\u2009=\u20091.01, 95% CI: 0.86\u20131.17). Similar findings were seen for the 40\u2009U\/ml threshold, although at 60\u2009U\/ml, the results were very imprecise. The WQS model demonstrated a positive relationship between combined industrial exposures and ACPA positivity (OR\u2009=\u20091.36, 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.69 at 20\u2009U\/ml) and suggested that industrial PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> may have a closer association with ACPA positivity than the other exposures. Again, similar findings were seen with the 40\u2009U\/ml threshold, though 60\u2009U\/ml results were imprecise. No clear association between ACPA and regional overall PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure was seen.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We noted positive associations between ACPA and industrial emissions of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Industrial PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure may play a particularly important role in this regard.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00637-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T13:05:10Z","timestamp":1596027910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Long-term exposure to a mixture of industrial SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 and anti-citrullinated protein antibody positivity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Naizhuo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Smargiassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Hatzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Colmegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin J.","family":"Fritzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Awadalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Bernatsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9341","key":"637_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","volume":"360","author":"B Brunekreef","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brunekreef B, Holgate ST. 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In addition, the CARTaGENE scientific review committee, affiliated with the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine (project #582582) provide approval for data and samples to be analyzed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}