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DeGroote School of Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["McMaster Medical Student Research Excellence Award from the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES030365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES030365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fluoride from dietary and environmental sources may concentrate in calcium-containing regions of the body such as the pineal gland. The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. We examined associations between fluoride exposure and sleep outcomes among older adolescents and adults in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We used population-based data from Cycle 3 (2012\u20132013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Participants were aged 16 to 79\u2009years and 32% lived in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water. Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in spot samples and adjusted for specific gravity (UF<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub>; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091303) and water fluoride concentrations were measured in tap water samples among those who reported drinking tap water (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091016). We used multinomial and ordered logistic regression analyses (using both unweighted and survey-weighted data) to examine associations of fluoride exposure with self-reported sleep outcomes, including sleep duration, frequency of sleep problems, and daytime sleepiness. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, chronic health conditions, and household income.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Median (IQR) UF<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub> concentration was 0.67 (0.63) mg\/L. Median (IQR) water fluoride concentration was 0.58 (0.27) mg\/L among participants living in communities supplied with fluoridated municipal water and 0.01 (0.06) mg\/L among those living in non-fluoridated communities. A 0.5\u2009mg\/L higher water fluoride level was associated with 34% higher relative risk of reporting sleeping less than the recommended duration for age [unweighted: RRR\u2009=\u20091.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.73; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.026]; the relative risk was higher, though less precise, using survey-weighted data [RRR\u2009=\u20091.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 3.87; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.05]. UF<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub> was not significantly associated with sleep duration. Water fluoride and UF<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub> concentration were not significantly associated with frequency of sleep problems or daytime sleepiness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fluoride exposure may contribute to sleeping less than the recommended duration among older adolescents and adults in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00700-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T12:40:41Z","timestamp":1613824841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7067-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmyn E. 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