{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1787858840987,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institutes of Health (NIH)-Fogarty Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["1D43TW010937-01A1."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1D43TW010937-01A1."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Air pollution is one of the world\u2019s leading mortality risk factors contributing to seven million deaths annually. COVID-19 pandemic has claimed about one million deaths in less than a year. However, it is unclear whether exposure to acute and chronic air pollution influences the COVID-19 epidemiologic curve.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We searched for relevant studies listed in six electronic databases between December 2019 and September 2020. We applied no language or publication status limits. Studies presented as original articles, studies that assessed risk, incidence, prevalence, or lethality of COVID-19 in relation with exposure to either short-term or long-term exposure to ambient air pollution were included. All patients regardless of age, sex and location diagnosed as having COVID-19 of any severity were taken into consideration. We synthesised results using harvest plots based on effect direction.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Included studies were cross-sectional (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910), retrospective cohorts (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099), ecological (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096 of which two were time-series) and hypothesis (n\u2009=\u20091). Of these studies, 52 and 48% assessed the effect of short-term and long-term pollutant exposure, respectively and one evaluated both. Pollutants mostly studied were PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (64%), NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (50%), PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (43%) and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (29%) for acute effects and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (85%), NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (39%) and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (23%) then PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> (15%) for chronic effects. Most assessed COVID-19 outcomes were incidence and mortality rate. Acutely, pollutants independently associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality were first PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> then PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (only for incident cases). Chronically, similar relationships were found for PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. High overall risk of bias judgments (86 and 39% in short-term and long-term exposure studies, respectively) was predominantly due to a failure to adjust aggregated data for important confounders, and to a lesser extent because of a lack of comparative analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The body of evidence indicates that both acute and chronic exposure to air pollution can affect COVID-19 epidemiology. The evidence is unclear for acute exposure due to a higher level of bias in existing studies as compared to moderate evidence with chronic exposure. Public health interventions that help minimize anthropogenic pollutant source and socio-economic injustice\/disparities may reduce the planetary threat posed by both COVID-19 and air pollution pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T16:02:58Z","timestamp":1618070578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Acute and chronic exposure to air pollution in relation with incidence, prevalence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0553-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick D. M. C.","family":"Katoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buket","family":"Bakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Musa","family":"Obadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsi","family":"Kuhangana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Kayembe-Kitenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Pyana","family":"Kitenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestin Banza Lubaba","family":"Nkulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Vanoirbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Nemery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"714_CR1","volume-title":"Environmental health: a global access science source air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People\u2019s republic of China: an ecologic study","author":"Y Cui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cui Y, Zhang Z-F, Froines J, Zhao J, Wang H, Yu S-Z, et al. Environmental health: a global access science source air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People\u2019s republic of China: an ecologic study. 2003."},{"key":"714_CR2","unstructured":"Niger: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 25]. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.who.int"},{"issue":"10119","key":"714_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32345-0","volume":"391","author":"PJ Landrigan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Landrigan PJ, Fuller R, Acosta NJR, Adeyi O, Arnold R, Basu N, et al. The lancet commission on pollution and health. Lancet. 2018;391(10119):462\u2013512.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"19","key":"714_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05194-y","volume":"26","author":"D-H Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai D-H, Riediker M, Berchet A, Paccaud F, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, et al. Effects of short- and long-term exposures to particulate matter on inflammatory marker levels in the general population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(19):19697\u2013704.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"14","key":"714_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434","volume":"19","author":"J Ciencewicki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ciencewicki J, Jaspers I. Air pollution and respiratory viral infection. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(14):1135\u201346.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020503","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020503","volume":"10","author":"MMA Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan MMA, Khan MN, Mustagir MG, Rana J, Islam MS, Kabir MI. Effects of underlying morbidities on the occurrence of deaths in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2020;10(2):020503.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"714_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364","volume":"381","author":"C Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu C, Chen R, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Guo Y, Tong S, et al. Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(8):705\u201315.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10082","key":"714_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","volume":"389","author":"AJ Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet. 2017;389(10082):1907\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"714_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05999-3","volume":"46","author":"A De Weerdt","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Weerdt A, Janssen BG, Cox B, Bijnens EM, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, et al. Pre-admission air pollution exposure prolongs the duration of ventilation in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1204\u201312.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"714_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","volume":"324","author":"WJ Wiersinga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782\u201393.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"714_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200674","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200674","volume":"217","author":"T Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou T, Su TT, Mudianto T, Wang J. Immune asynchrony in COVID-19 pathogenesis and potential immunotherapies. J Exper Med. 2020;217:e20200674 [cited 2021 Feb 9] Available from: doi: 10.1084\/jem.20200674.","journal-title":"J Exper Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549","volume":"142","author":"PP Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2020;142(1):68\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"714_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borro M, Di Girolamo P, Gentile G, De Luca O, Preissner R, Marcolongo A, Ferracuti S, Simmaco M. Evidence-Based Considerations Exploring Relations between SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Air Pollution: Involvement of PM2.5-Mediated Up-Regulation of the Viral Receptor ACE-2. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17155573.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155573"},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR14","first-page":"255","volume":"81","author":"A Frontera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frontera A, Cianfanelli L, Vlachos K, Landoni G, Cremona G. Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the \u201cdouble-hit\u201d hypothesis. J Inf Secur. 2020;81(2):255\u20139.","journal-title":"J Inf Secur"},{"key":"714_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Comunian S, Dongo D, Milani C, Palestini P. Air Pollution and COVID-19: The Role of Particulate Matter in the Spread and Increase of COVID-19\u2019s Morbidity and Mortality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17124487.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124487"},{"key":"714_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.06.017","volume":"509","author":"P Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song P, Li W, Xie J, Hou Y, You C. Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;509:280\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0435OC","volume":"199","author":"JP Reilly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reilly JP, Zhao Z, Shashaty MGS, Koyama T, Christie JD, Lanken PN, et al. Low to moderate air pollutant exposure and acute respiratory distress syndrome after severe trauma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(1):62\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"714_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1418OC","volume":"193","author":"LB Ware","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ware LB, Zhao Z, Koyama T, May AK, Matthay MA, Lurmann FW, et al. Long-term ozone exposure increases the risk of developing the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(10):1143\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"714_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03322-y","volume":"87","author":"N Dhochak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhochak N, Singhal T, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Pathophysiology of COVID-19: why children fare better than adults? Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(7):537\u201346.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"714_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7411","volume":"128","author":"PJ Villeneuve","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villeneuve PJ, Goldberg MS. Methodological Considerations for Epidemiological Studies of Air Pollution and the SARS and COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreaks. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(9):095001.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"714_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","volume":"62","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"714_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadesse DB, Gebremeskel GG, Asefa GG, Abay M, Demoz GT. The burden, admission, and outcome of COVID-19 in Africa: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020; [cited 2020 Nov 4]; Available from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/suppl\/10.1080\/22221751.2020.1775499.","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1775499"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01490-8","volume":"9","author":"SM Eick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eick SM, Goin DE, Chartres N, Lam J, Woodruff TJ. Assessing risk of bias in human environmental epidemiology studies using three tools: different conclusions from different tools. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):249.","journal-title":"Syst Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"714_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6980","volume":"128","author":"S Kyle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kyle S, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Vermeulen R, Lunn RM, Straif K, Zahm S, et al. Risk of Bias Assessments and Evidence Syntheses for Observational Epidemiologic Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposures: Strengths and Limitations. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(9):095002.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"714_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30343-0","volume":"8","author":"KK Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee KK, Bing R, Kiang J, Bashir S, Spath N, Stelzle D, et al. Adverse health effects associated with household air pollution: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and burden estimation study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(11):e1427\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-8","volume":"8","author":"D Ogilvie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ogilvie D, Fayter D, Petticrew M, Sowden A, Thomas S, Whitehead M, et al. The harvest plot: a method for synthesising evidence about the differential effects of interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8(1):8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"714_CR28","first-page":"CD011504","volume":"7","author":"S Durao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durao S, Visser ME, Ramokolo V, Oliveira JM, Schmidt B-M, Balakrishna Y, et al. Community-level interventions for improving access to food in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7:CD011504.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"714_CR29","unstructured":"GRADE handbook [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 26]. Available from: https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html"},{"key":"714_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109639","volume":"186","author":"E Bontempi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bontempi E. First data analysis about possible COVID-19 virus airborne diffusion due to air particulate matter (PM): the case of Lombardy (Italy). Environ Res. 2020;186:109639.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"32","key":"714_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117","volume":"117","author":"ZS Venter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venter ZS, Aunan K, Chowdhury S, Lelieveld J. COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(32):18984\u201390.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"714_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de MP K. Ambient air pollution and health in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current evidence, perspectives and a call to action. Environ Res. 2019; Available from. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.03.029.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.03.029"},{"key":"714_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giani P, Castruccio S, Anav A, Howard D, Hu W, Crippa P. Short-term and long-term health impacts of air pollution reductions from COVID-19 lockdowns in China and Europe: a modelling study. Lancet Planetary Health. 2020. [cited 2020 Sep 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanplh\/article\/PIIS2542-5196(20)30224-2\/abstract","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30224-2"},{"key":"714_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moelling K, Broecker F. Air Microbiome and Pollution : Composition and Potential Effects on Human Health , Including SARS Coronavirus Infection. J Environ Public Health. 2020;2020(X).","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1646943"},{"key":"714_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang S, Zhang X, Huang J, Lu X, Liu F, Gu D. Ambient air pollution and body weight status in adults: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Environ Pollut. 2020;265:114999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114999.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114999"},{"key":"714_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israelow B, Song E, Mao T, Lu P, Meir A, Liu F, et al. Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling. J Exp Med. 2020;217(12).","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201241"},{"key":"714_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israelow B, Song E, Mao T, Lu P, Meir A, Liu F, et al. Mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 reveals inflammatory role of type I interferon signaling. SSRN. 2020:3628297.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.27.118893"},{"key":"714_CR38","first-page":"100023","volume":"2","author":"J Wig\u00e9n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wig\u00e9n J, L\u00f6fdahl A, Bjermer L, Elowsson-Rendin L, Westergren-Thorsson G. Converging pathways in pulmonary fibrosis and Covid-19 - the fibrotic link to disease severity. Respir Med X. 2020;2:100023.","journal-title":"Respir Med X"},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L325","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00189.2020","volume":"319","author":"R Sarzani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarzani R, Giulietti F, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Spannella F. Disequilibrium between the classic renin-angiotensin system and its opposing arm in SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020;319(2):L325\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"714_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103411","volume":"78","author":"AB Engin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: obesity and smoking. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020;78:103411.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"714_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo JL, Marqu\u00e8s M, Rovira J. Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review, vol. 188: Environmental Research. Academic Press Inc; 2020. p. 109861.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109861"},{"key":"714_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111418","volume":"141","author":"A Tsatsakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsatsakis A, Petrakis D, Nikolouzakis TK, Docea AO, Calina D, Vinceti M, et al. COVID-19, an opportunity to reevaluate the correlation between long-term effects of anthropogenic pollutants on viral epidemic\/pandemic events and prevalence. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;141:111418.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"714_CR43","series-title":"The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company \u2019 s public news and information","volume-title":"Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19","author":"KA Huraimel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huraimel KAl, Alhosani M, Kunhabdulla S, Stietiya MH. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company \u2019 s public news and information . 2020."},{"key":"714_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110129","volume":"191","author":"C Copat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Copat C, Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Grasso A, Zuccarello P, Signorelli SS, et al. The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID-19 spread and lethality: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2020;191:110129.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"714_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09573-6","volume":"21","author":"WS Azar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Azar WS, Njeim R, Fares AH, Azar NS, Azar ST, El Sayed M, et al. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: how one pandemic worsens the other. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020;21(4):451\u201363.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"714_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leni Z, Cassagnes LE, Daellenbach KR, El Haddad I, Vlachou A, Uzu G, et al. Oxidative stress-induced inflammation in susceptible airways by anthropogenic aerosol. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0233425.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0233425.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233425"},{"key":"714_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T. Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2008;26(4):339\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10590500802494538.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500802494538"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700698","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00698-2017","volume":"51","author":"A Sood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sood A, Assad NA, Barnes PJ, Churg A, Gordon SB, Harrod KS, et al. ERS\/ATS workshop report on respiratory health effects of household air pollution. Eur Respir J. 2018;51(1):1700698.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"714_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurston GD, Kipen H, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes J, Brook RD, Cromar K,\u00a0Matteis SD,\u00a0Forastiere F,\u00a0Forsberg B,\u00a0Frampton MW,\u00a0Grigg J,\u00a0Heederik D, Kellt FJ,\u00a0Kuenzli N,\u00a0Laumbach R,\u00a0Peters A,\u00a0Rajagopalan ST,\u00a0Rich D,\u00a0Ritz B,\u00a0Samet SM,\u00a0Sandstrom T,\u00a0Sigsgaard T,\u00a0Sunyer J,\u00a0Brunekreef B. A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(1):1600419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016"},{"key":"714_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105998","volume":"144","author":"P Huangfu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huangfu P, Atkinson R. Long-term exposure to NO2 and O3 and all-cause and respiratory mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2020;144:105998.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"714_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140946","volume":"744","author":"K Al Huraimel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al Huraimel K, Alhosani M, Kunhabdulla S, Stietiya MH. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: modes of transmission, early detection and potential role of pollutions. Sci Total Environ. 2020;744:140946.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"714_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140396","volume":"741","author":"Y Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao Y, Pan J, Wang W, Liu Z, Kan H, Qiu Y, et al. Association of particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities. Sci Total Environ. 2020;741:140396.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"714_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raciti L, Calabr\u00f2 RS. Can volcanic trace elements facilitate Covid-19 diffusion? A hypothesis stemming from the Mount Etna area, Sicily. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:110058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110058.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110058"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"714_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115250","volume":"266","author":"J Saha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saha J, Chouhan P. Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? Environ Pollut. 2020;266(Pt 2):115250.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"714_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140278","volume":"739","author":"T Filippini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, et al. Satellite-detected tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in northern Italy. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Oct 15;739:140278.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"714_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasquez-Apestegui V, Parras-Garrido E, Tapia V, Paz-Aparicio VM, Rojas JP, S\u00e1nchez-Ccoyllo OR, et al. Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis. Res Sq. 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-39404\/v1"},{"key":"714_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.076","volume":"97","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Xu X-L, Dai D-W, Huang Z-Y, Ma Z, Guan Y-J. Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: a time series study. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:278\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"714_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140005","volume":"740","author":"MA Zoran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zoran MA, Savastru RS, Savastru DM, Tautan MN. Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan, Italy. Sci Total Environ. 2020;740:140005.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"714_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Xie J, Huang F, Cao L. Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;727:138704.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704"},{"key":"#cr-split#-714_CR60.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari A, Yin J. Short-Term Effects of Ambient Ozone, PM2.5, and Meteorological Factors on COVID-19 Confirmed Cases and Deaths in Queens, New York. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114047"},{"key":"#cr-split#-714_CR60.2","unstructured":"(11) [cited 2020 Aug 2] Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7312351\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"714_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-020-02937-3","volume":"105","author":"P Chakraborty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chakraborty P, Jayachandran S, Padalkar P, Sitlhou L, Chakraborty S, Kar R, et al. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from vehicular emission could increase the COVID-19 pandemic fatality in India: a perspective. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2020;105(2):198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"714_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109652","volume":"187","author":"MF Bashir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bashir MF, Ma BJ, Null B, Komal B, Bashir MA, Farooq TH, et al. Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: a brief study in Californian context. Environ Res. 2020;187:109652.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"714_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109938","volume":"191","author":"TR Bola\u00f1o-Ortiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bola\u00f1o-Ortiz TR, Camargo-Caicedo Y, Puliafito SE, Ruggeri MF, Bola\u00f1o-Diaz S, Pascual-Flores R, et al. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 through Latin America and the Caribbean region: a look from its economic conditions, climate and air pollution indicators. Environ Res. 2020;191:109938.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"714_CR64","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Xu J. The association between COVID-19 deaths and short-term ambient air pollution\/meteorological condition exposure: a retrospective study from Wuhan, China. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2020;15:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"714_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hendryx M, Luo J. COVID-19 prevalence and fatality rates in association with air pollution emission concentrations and emission sources. Environ Pollut. 2020;265(Pt A):115126.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115126"},{"key":"714_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fattorini D, Regoli F. Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy. Environ Pollut.\u00a02020;264:114732.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732"},{"key":"714_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106316","volume":"146","author":"G Konstantinoudis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Konstantinoudis G, Padellini T, Bennett J, Davies B, Ezzati M, Blangiardo M. Long-term exposure to air-pollution and COVID-19 mortality in England: a hierarchical spatial analysis. Environ Int. 2021;146:106316.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"714_CR68","first-page":"100047","volume":"1","author":"D Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang D, Shi L, Zhao J, Liu P, Sarnat JA, Gao S, et al. Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States. Innovation (N Y). 2020;1(3):100047.","journal-title":"Innovation (N Y)"},{"key":"714_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath MB, Braun D, Dominici F. Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: Strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis. Sci Adv. 20204;6(45):eabd4049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049"},{"key":"714_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coker ES, Cavalli L, Fabrizi E, Guastella G, Lippo E, Parisi ML, et al. The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Related Mortality in Northern Italy. Environ Resour Econ (Dordr). 2020:1\u201324.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3700797"},{"key":"714_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole MA, Ozgen C, Strobl E. Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities. Environ Resour Econ (Dordr). 2020:1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00491-4"},{"key":"714_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta A, Bherwani H, Gautam S, et al. Air pollution aggravating COVID-19 lethality? Exploration in Asian cities using statistical models [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 15]. Environ Dev Sustain. 2020. p.\u00a01\u201310.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-020-00878-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00878-9"},{"key":"714_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100674","volume":"34","author":"H Pacheco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pacheco H, D\u00edaz-L\u00f3pez S, Jarre E, Pacheco H, M\u00e9ndez W, Zamora-Ledezma E. NO2 levels after the COVID-19 lockdown in Ecuador: a trade-off between environment and human health. Urban Clim. 2020;34:100674.","journal-title":"Urban Clim"},{"key":"714_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Diaz CE, Guilamo-Ramos V, Mena L, Hall E, Honermann B, Crowley JS, et al. Risk for COVID-19 infection and death among Latinos in the United States: examining heterogeneity in transmission dynamics. Ann Epidemiol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.07.007"},{"key":"714_CR75","unstructured":"al EK et. Temperature and air pollution relationship during heatwaves in Birmingham, UK | EndNote Click [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 9]. Available from: https:\/\/kopernio.com\/viewer?doi=10.1016%2Fj.scs.2018.08.033&token=WzE1NDY3NzksIjEwLjEwMTYvai5zY3MuMjAxOC4wOC4wMzMiXQ.csO-fVueqe7JH2jIvXr5Br0UAUM"},{"issue":"39","key":"714_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.06.057","volume":"40","author":"JD Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JD, Lewis AC, Monks PS, Jacob M, Hamilton JF, Hopkins JR, et al. Ozone photochemistry and elevated isoprene during the UK heatwave of august 2003. Atmos Environ. 2006;40(39):7598\u2013613.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"714_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7788-8","volume":"19","author":"R Murtas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murtas R, Russo AG. Effects of pollution, low temperature and influenza syndrome on the excess mortality risk in winter 2016\u20132017. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1445.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"714_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn266","volume":"168","author":"A Analitis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Analitis A, Katsouyanni K, Biggeri A, Baccini M, Forsberg B, Bisanti L, et al. Effects of cold weather on mortality: results from 15 European cities within the PHEWE project. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(12):1397\u2013408.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"714_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemery B, de Katoto M. Protecting children\u2019s lungs by providing clean air during pregnancy? Lancet Planetary Health. 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30139-0"},{"key":"714_CR80","unstructured":"Cleaning the air would limit short-term climate warming [Internet]. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. [cited 2015 Nov 14]. Available from: http:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/news\/482\/"},{"key":"714_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.002","volume":"119","author":"G Okello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okello G, Devereux G, Semple S. Women and girls in resource poor countries experience much greater exposure to household air pollutants than men: results from Uganda and Ethiopia. Environ Int. 2018;119:429\u201337.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"714_CR82","unstructured":"Smoking and COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/commentaries\/detail\/smoking-and-covid-19"},{"key":"714_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinoudis G, Padellini T, Bennett JE, Davies B, Ezzati M, Blangiardo M. Long-term exposure to air-pollution and COVID-19 mortality in England: a hierarchical spatial analysis. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.10.20171421"},{"key":"714_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath MB, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020;04(05):20054502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.05.20054502.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20054502"},{"key":"714_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang D, Shi L, Zhao J, Liu P, Schwartz J, Gao S, et al. Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.04.20090746"},{"key":"#cr-split#-714_CR86.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heederik DJJ, Smit LAM, Vermeulen RCH. Go slow to go fast: a plea for sustained scientific rigour in air pollution research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Respiratory J. 2020;56","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01361-2020"},{"key":"#cr-split#-714_CR86.2","unstructured":"(1) [cited 2021 Feb 8] Available from: https:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/content\/56\/1\/2001361."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1618070719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00714-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}