{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:43:25Z","timestamp":1793965405778,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21ES026412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21ES026412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L30ES023165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L30ES023165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81961128023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81961128023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rice is an important dietary source for methylmercury; however, rice does not contain the same beneficial nutrients as fish. Our main objective was to assess associations of prenatal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion with child neurodevelopment in rural China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eligible peripartum women were enrolled (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009391), provided peripartum hair samples, and children\u2019s neurodevelopment was assessed at 12\u2009months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009264, 68%) and 36\u2009months (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009190, 48%) using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, including the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI). Associations between prenatal methylmercury exposure during the third trimester [log<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> maternal hair total mercury (THg)] and child\u2019s neurodevelopment were assessed using linear mixed models for repeated measures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In adjusted models, a doubling in maternal hair THg corresponded to a 1.3-point decrement in the MDI score [95% confidence interval (CI): \u2212\u20092.6, \u2212\u20090.14], and a 1.2-point decrement in the PDI score (95% CI: \u2212\u20092.6, 0.14). Overall, adverse associations between maternal hair THg and MDI scores attenuated over time. However, associations were robust and stable over time among children whose primary caregiver was their parent(s). During the study follow-up, an increasing proportion of children were raised by grandparents (12\u2009months: 9% versus 36\u2009months: 27%), a trend associated with rural-to-urban parental migration for work.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For young children living in rural China, a biomarker of prenatal methylmercury exposure was associated with decrements in cognitive function assessed between 12 and 36\u2009months of age. Changes in the family structure over the study follow-up time interval potentially impacted children\u2019s sensitivity to prenatal methylmercury exposure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T16:09:35Z","timestamp":1619626175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and child neurodevelopment in the first three years: a prospective cohort study in rural China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0021-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Rothenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Korrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfen","family":"Nong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Nong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva P.","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred J.","family":"Biasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxiu","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"732_CR1","volume-title":"Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury","author":"National Research Council","year":"2000","unstructured":"National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2000."},{"issue":"4","key":"732_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.855","volume":"137","author":"SM Innis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Innis SM. Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. J Nutr. 2007;137(4):855\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.4.855.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.8.701","volume":"280","author":"PW Davidson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Axtell C, Shamlaye C, Sloane-Reeves J, et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles child development study. J Amer Med Assoc. 1998;280(8):701\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.280.8.701.","journal-title":"J Amer Med Assoc"},{"issue":"9370","key":"732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13371-5","volume":"361","author":"GJ Myers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Myers GJ, Davidson PW, Cox C, Shamlaye C, Palumbo D, Cernichiari E, et al. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles child development study. Lancet. 2003;361(9370):1686\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13371-5.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2006.02.005","volume":"28","author":"F Debes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Debes F, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Weihe P, White RF, Grandjean P. Impact of prenatal methylmercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2006;28(5):536\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ntt.2006.02.005.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9738","volume":"115","author":"E Budtz-Jorgensen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Budtz-Jorgensen E, Grandjean P, Weihe P. Separation of risks and benefits of seafood intake. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):323\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9738.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.09.005","volume":"111","author":"ML Lynch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lynch ML, Huang LS, Cox C, Strain JJ, Myers GJ, Bonham MP, et al. Varying coefficient function models to explore interactions between maternal nutritional status and prenatal methylmercury toxicity in the Seychelles child development nutrition study. Environ Res. 2011;111(1):75\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2010.09.005.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.001","volume":"133","author":"SE Rothenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rothenberg SE, Windham-Myers L, Creswell JE. Rice methylmercury exposure and mitigation: a comprehensive review. Environ Res. 2014;133:407\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.001.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1021\/es071948x","volume":"42","author":"X Feng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Feng X, Li P, Qiu G, Wang S, Li G, Shang L, et al. Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas, Guizhou Province, China. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42(1):326\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es071948x.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.038","volume":"150","author":"C Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong C, Yu X, Liu J, Cheng Y, Rothenberg SE. Low-level methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion in a cohort of pregnant mothers in rural China. Environ Res. 2016;150:519\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.038.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.046","volume":"159","author":"SE Rothenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rothenberg SE, Jackson BP, McCalla GC, Donohue A, Emmons AM. Co-exposure to methylmercury and inorganic arsenic in baby rice cereals and rice-containing teething biscuits. Environ Res. 2017;159:639\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2017.08.046.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"732_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","volume":"363","author":"World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Consultation","year":"2004","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"9946","key":"732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","volume":"384","author":"J Villar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Villar J, Ismail LC, Victoria CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG, et al. International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the newborn cross-sectional study of the INTERGROWTH-21st project. Lancet. 2014;384(9946):857\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.07.014","volume":"219","author":"SE Rothenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rothenberg SE, Yu X, Liu J, Biasini FJ, Hong C, Jiang X, et al. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and offspring neurodevelopment: a prospective cohort study. Intl J Hygiene Environ Health. 2016;219(8):832\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.07.014.","journal-title":"Intl J Hygiene Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1307","volume":"28","author":"G Zareba","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zareba G, Cernichiari E, Goldsmith LA, Clarkson TW. Validity of methyl mercury hair analysis: mercury monitoring in human scalp\/nude mouse model. J Appl Toxicol. 2008;28(4):535\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jat.1307.","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(96)01964-9","volume":"43","author":"L Liang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Liang L, Horvat M, Cernichiari E, Gelcin B, Balogh S. Simple solvent extraction technique for elimination of matrix interferences in the determination of methylmercury in environmental and biological samples by ethylation-gas chromatography-cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta. 1996;43(11):1883\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0039-9140(96)01964-9.","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"732_CR17","volume-title":"Method 1630, methyl mercury in water by distillation, aqueous Ethylation, purge and trap, and CVAFS. EPA-821-R-01-020","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)","year":"2001","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Method 1630, methyl mercury in water by distillation, aqueous Ethylation, purge and trap, and CVAFS. EPA-821-R-01-020. 2001. https:\/\/brooksapplied.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/1630.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2021."},{"key":"732_CR18","volume-title":"Method 7473 (SW-856), Mercury in Solids and Solutions by Thermal Decomposition, Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)","year":"2007","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Method 7473 (SW-856), Mercury in Solids and Solutions by Thermal Decomposition, Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. 2007. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/esam\/epa-method-7473-sw-846-mercury-solids-and-solutions-thermal-decomposition-amalgamation-and. Accessed 24 Feb 2021."},{"issue":"12","key":"732_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113297","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113297","volume":"9","author":"J Cao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cao J, Li M, Wang Y, Yu G, Yan CH. Environmental lead exposure among preschool children in Shanghai, China: blood lead levels and risk factors. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e113297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0113297.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"732_CR20","volume-title":"Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils, Revision 2","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)","year":"1996","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils, Revision 2. 1996. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/esam\/epa-method-3050b-acid-digestion-sediments-sludges-and-soils. Accessed 24 Feb 2021."},{"key":"732_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Dibley MJ, Zhang X, Zeng L, Yan H. Assessment of dietary intake among pregnant women in a rural area of western China. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-222.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-222"},{"key":"732_CR22","volume-title":"Children in China: An Atlas of Social Indicators","author":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2018","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Children in China: An Atlas of Social Indicators. 2018. https:\/\/www.unicef.cn\/sites\/unicef.org.china\/files\/2019-04\/Atlas%202018%20final%20ENG.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2021."},{"key":"732_CR23","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"732_CR24","volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant development","author":"N Bayley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant development. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1993."},{"key":"732_CR25","volume-title":"Generalized additive models","author":"TJ Hastie","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ. Generalized additive models. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1990."},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","volume":"19","author":"H Akaike","year":"1974","unstructured":"Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr. 1974;19(6):716\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Automat Contr"},{"key":"732_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439821862","volume-title":"Analysis of incomplete multivariate data","author":"JL Schafer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schafer JL. Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London: Chapman & Hall; 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781439821862."},{"key":"732_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parajuli RP, Fujiwara T, Umezaki M, Watanabe C. Impact of caste on the neurodevelopment of young children from birth to 36 months of age: a birth cohort study in Chitwan Valley, Nepal. BMC Pediatrics. 2014;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2431-14-56.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-56"},{"key":"732_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.11.011","volume":"69","author":"K Yamazaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamazaki K, Araki A, Nakajima S, Miyashita C, Ikeno T, Itoh S, et al. Association between prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and the mental and psychomotor development of infants at ages 6 and 18 months: the Hokkaido study on environment and Children's health. Neurotoxicology. 2018;69:201\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.11.011.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.06.001","volume":"29","author":"PW Davidson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davidson PW, Strain JJ, Myers GJ, Thurston SW, Bonham MP, Shamlaye CF, et al. Neurodevelopmental effects of maternal nutritional status and exposure to methylmercury from eating fish during pregnancy. Neurotoxicology. 2008;29(5):767\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.06.001.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"10","key":"732_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8041","volume":"113","author":"E Oken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oken E, Wright RO, Kleinman KP, Bellinger D, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Hu H, et al. Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a U.S. cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(10):1376\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8041.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"732_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn034","volume":"167","author":"E Oken","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oken E, Radesky JS, Wright RO, Bellinger DC, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Kleinman KP, et al. Maternal fish intake during pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and child cognition at age 3 years in a US cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(10):1171\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwn034.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"732_CR33","volume-title":"Population status of children in China in 2015: Facts and figures","author":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), National Bureau of Statistics of China, United Nations Population Fund","year":"2017","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), National Bureau of Statistics of China, United Nations Population Fund. Population status of children in China in 2015: Facts and figures. 2017. https:\/\/www.unicef.cn\/en\/reports\/population-status-children-china-2015. Accessed 24 Feb 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/deve.12188","volume":"57","author":"F Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang F, Shi Y, Shen A, Kohrman A, Li K, Wan Q, et al. Understanding the situation of China's left-behind children: a mixed-methods analysis. Dev Econ. 2019;57(1):3\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/deve.12188.","journal-title":"Dev Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2019.02.003","volume":"47","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Liang W, Zhang S, Jonsson L, Li M, Yu C, et al. Are infant\/toddler developmental delays a problem across rural China? J Comp Econ. 2019;47(2):458\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jce.2019.02.003.","journal-title":"J Comp Econ"},{"key":"732_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1086\/692290","volume":"78","author":"A Yue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yue A, Shi Y, Luo R, Chen J, Garth J, Zhang J, et al. China's invisible crisis: cognitive delays among rural toddlers and the absence of modern parenting. China J. 2017;78:50\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/692290.","journal-title":"China J"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-015-0550-3","volume":"28","author":"R Mu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mu R, de Brauw A. Migration and young child nutrition: evidence from rural China. J Popul Econ. 2015;28(3):631\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00148-015-0550-3.","journal-title":"J Popul Econ"},{"issue":"11","key":"732_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0150","volume":"34","author":"C Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou C, Sylvia S, Zhang L, Luo R, Yi H, Liu C, et al. China's left-behind children: impact of parental migration on health, nutrition, and educational outcomes. Health Aff. 2015;34(11):1964\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0150.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00849-4","volume":"57","author":"A Yue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yue A, Bai Y, Shi Y, Luo R, Rozelle S, Medina A, et al. Parental migration and early childhood development in rural China. Demography. 2020;57(2):403\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-019-00849-4.","journal-title":"Demography."},{"key":"732_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4242-8_5","volume-title":"Protecting infants through human Milk","author":"SM Innis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Innis SM. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk. In: Pickering LK, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Schanler RJ, editors. Protecting infants through human Milk. New York: Springer US; 2004. p. 27\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4757-4242-8_5."},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1064","volume":"71","author":"P Grandjean","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grandjean P, Weihe P, Needham LL, Burse VW, Patterson DG Jr, Sampson EJ, et al. Relation of a seafood diet to mercury, selenium, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl and other organochlorine concentrations in human milk. Environ Res. 1995;71(1):29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/enrs.1995.1064.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.201906_28(2).0017","volume":"28","author":"J Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han J, Kang L, Liang D, Li H, Su Y, Zhang Y, et al. Composition requirements of follow-up formula for 6-12-month-old infants: recommendations of a Chinese expert group. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2019;28(2):347\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6133\/apjcn.201906_28(2).0017.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100503","volume":"101","author":"JJ Strain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strain JJ, Yeates AJ, Van Wijngaarden E, Thurston SW, Mulhern MS, McSorley EM, et al. Prenatal exposure to methyl mercury from fish consumption and polyunsaturated fatty acids: associations with child development at 20 mo of age in an observational study in the Republic of Seychelles. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(3):530\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.114.100503.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"732_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tatsuka N, Nakai K, Sakamoto M, Murata K, Satoh H. Methylmercury exposure and developmental outcomes in Tohoku study of child development at 18 months of age. Toxics. 2018;6(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics6030049.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6030049"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.06.001","volume":"33","author":"W Jedrychowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Jankowski J, Rauh V, Flak E, Caldwell KL, et al. Fish consumption in pregnancy, cord blood mercury level and cognitive and psychomotor development of infants followed over the first three years of life Krakow epidemiologic study. Environ Int. 2007;33(8):1057\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2007.06.001.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"732_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2017.1333108","volume":"54","author":"Y Bai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bai Y, Zhang L, Liu C, Shi Y, Mo D, Rozelle S. Effect of parental migration on the academic performance of left behind children in North Western China. J Dev Stud. 2018;54(7):1154\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220388.2017.1333108.","journal-title":"J Dev Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0613-z","volume":"54","author":"X Meng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meng X, Yanauchi C. Children of migrants: the cumulative impact of parental migration on children's education and health outcomes in China. Demography. 2017;54(5):1677\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-017-0613-z.","journal-title":"Demography."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T16:13:07Z","timestamp":1619626387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00732-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Oregon State University (USA), the University of South Carolina (USA), and Xinhua Hospital (China). All mothers (or the child\u2019s primary caregiver) provided written informed consent prior to participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}