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There is a lack of research on the large-scale and systematic evaluation of the association between urinary Cd (U-Cd) and various effect biomarkers among Chinese residents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on the establishment process of dietary Cd limit standards by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the dose\u2013response relationships between U-Cd and four biomarkers, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-microglobulin (\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-MG), N-acetyl-\u03b2-glucosidase (NAG), microalbumin (mALB), and retinol binding Protein (RBP) were explored, respectively. Toxicokinetic model was used to derive the dietary Cd exposure limit for Chinese residents after critical U-Cd concentration was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As the sensitive biomarkers of renal injury, \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-MG and NAG were selected to estimate the 95% confidence interval lower limit of the U-Cd benchmark dose (BMDL<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>) to be 3.07 and 2.98\u00a0\u03bcg\/g Cr, respectively. Dietary Cd exposure limit was calculated to be 0.28\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg bw\/day (16.8\u00a0\u03bcg\/day, based on the body weight of 60\u00a0kg), which was lower than the average Chinese Cd exposure (30.6\u00a0\u03bcg\/day) by the China National Nutrient and Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study established an overall association between U-Cd and renal injury biomarkers, and explored the Chinese dietary Cd exposure limits, which helps improve Chinese Cd exposure risk assessment and provides a reference basis for formulating reasonable exposure standards.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00760-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T15:02:59Z","timestamp":1625065379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Dose\u2013response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Qing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanshen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengsheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026242811667","volume":"257","author":"R Simmons","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simmons R, Pongsakul P, Chaney RL, Saiyasitpanich D, Klinphoklap S, Nobuntou W. 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