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MetS was defined based on the recommendation by the Joint Interim Societies\u2019 criteria. We used the spatiotemporal land-use regression (LUR) model to estimate the two-year average exposure of ambient air pollutants (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) at individual levels. We recorded other covariates by using a structured questionnaire. Generalized linear mixed model was used for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 10-\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> increase in the two-year mean PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure was associated with a higher risk of developing MetS [odd ratio (OR): 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.35], increased risk of fasting blood glucose level.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>(OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.36), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.58) in the adjusted\/unadjusted models (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). We found significant  interaction between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and the region, exercise on the high TG levels, and an interaction with the region, age, exercise and grain consumption on FBG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Long-term exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with MetS, dyslipidemia and FBG impairment. Efforts should be made for environment improvement to reduce the burden of MetS-associated non-communicable disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00888-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T15:11:41Z","timestamp":1662822701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of long-term PM2.5 exposure on metabolic syndrome among adults and elderly in Guangdong, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xue-yan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-xuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-li","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-lin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"888_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"KGMM Alberti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. 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