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This study aims to evaluate the association between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PTC and determine the subgroups of patients who are at the highest risk of PTC diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under IRB approval, we conducted a case-control study of adult patients (age\u2009\u2265\u200918) newly diagnosed with PTC between 1\/2013\u201312\/2016 across a single health care system were identified using electronic medical records. These patients were compared to a control group of patients without any evidence of thyroid disease. Cumulative PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure was calculated for each patient using a deep learning neural networks model, which incorporated meteorological and satellite-based measurements at the patients\u2019 residential zip code. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression was used to quantify the association between cumulative PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and PTC diagnosis. We tested whether this association differed by gender, race, BMI, smoking history, current alcohol use, and median household income.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cohort of 1990 patients with PTC and a control group of 6919 patients without thyroid disease were identified. Compared to the control group, patients with PTC were more likely to be older (51.2 vs. 48.8\u2009years), female (75.5% vs 46.8%), White (75.2% vs. 61.6%), and never smokers (71.1% vs. 58.4%) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). After adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, current alcohol use, median household income, current smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, and asthma, 3-year cumulative PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure was associated with a 1.41-fold increased odds of PTC diagnosis (95%CI: 1.23\u20131.62). This association varied by median household income (p-interaction =0.03). Compared to those with a median annual household income &lt;$50,000, patients with a median annual household income between $50,000 and\u2009&lt;\u2009$100,000 had a 43% increased risk of PTC diagnosis (aOR\u2009=\u20091.43, 95%CI: 1.19\u20131.72), and patients with median household income \u2265$100,000 had a 77% increased risk of PTC diagnosis (aOR\u2009=\u20091.77, 95%CI: 1.37\u20132.29).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cumulative exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      over 3\u2009years was significantly associated with the diagnosis of PTC. This association was most pronounced in those with a high median household income, suggesting a difference in access to care among socioeconomic groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-023-00972-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:08:17Z","timestamp":1677121697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Socioeconomic disparity in the association between fine particulate matter exposure and papillary thyroid cancer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Crepeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhea","family":"Udyavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilah","family":"Morris-Wiseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Biswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Murugappan","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"972_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2719","volume":"317","author":"H Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM. 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