{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:01:54Z","timestamp":1781881314041,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":355,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Extensive academic research has documented the tobacco industry's manipulation of science. Recently, scholars have begun examining the sugar industry\u2019s use of similar tactics to downplay sugar\u2019s role in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and tooth decay. Archival records show sugar-industry-funded scientists criticized evidence linking sugar to these harms and deflected attention to other risk factors. Sugar\u2019s connection to tooth decay has been the most difficult harm for the industry to deny. Evidence is emerging that the industry turned to promoting fluoride as the solution to tooth decay thereby averting calls for reducing sugar consumption. Newly accessible sugar and dental industry documents enable investigation into whether fluoride research was manipulated to deflect from sugar\u2019s role in tooth decay, and later to defend fluoride when evidence of fluoride\u2019s own harmful effects arose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal documents from sugar and dental organizations were examined and compared to the published scientific record. The Industries Documents collection at the University of California San Francisco was the main source of records. Analysis was in the context of the current understanding of how vested interests manipulate science to defend their products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Records dating back to the 1930s demonstrate the sugar industry, sometimes in cooperation with dental interests, exaggerated fluoride\u2019s effectiveness and downplayed safety concerns. The sugar industry\u2019s science manipulation campaign preceded the better-known tobacco industry campaign defending cigarettes. Key leaders of the sugar industry\u2019s campaign transferred to the tobacco industry, which then adopted many of the sugar industry\u2019s tactics and financed research from some of the same sugar-conflicted scientists. Currently, a prominent safety issue with fluoride is developmental neurotoxicity. Evidence indicates that researchers with undisclosed conflicts of interest with sugar and allied industries produced biased reviews downplaying this risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently available records reveal a long history of the sugar industry distorting fluoride science. Many of the sugar industry's tactics were later adopted by the tobacco industry and mirrored by industries involved in asbestos, lead, pesticides, climate change denial, and others. Researchers and policymakers should be aware of the distorted scientific record regarding fluoride effectiveness and toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T23:02:51Z","timestamp":1759100571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The sugar industry\u2019s efforts to manipulate research on fluoride effectiveness and toxicity: a ninety-year history"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Neurath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003460","volume":"15","author":"CE Kearns","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA. Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents. PLoS Biol. 2017;15(11): e2003460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003460.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001798","volume":"12","author":"CE Kearns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kearns CE, Glantz SA, Schmidt LA. Sugar industry influence on the scientific agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research\u2019s 1971 National Caries Program: A historical analysis of internal documents. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3): e1001798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001798.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5394","volume":"176","author":"CE Kearns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA. Sugar industry and coronary heart disease research: A historical analysis of internal industry documents. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1680\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5394.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hujoel PP. How a nutritional deficiency became treated with fluoride. Nutrients. 2021;13(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124361","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124361"},{"key":"1154_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hujoel PP. Private interests and the start of fluoride-supplemented high-carbohydrate nutritional guidelines. Nutrients. 2022;14(20). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14204263","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204263"},{"key":"1154_CR6","unstructured":"Exner FB, Waldbott GL. The American Fluoridation Experiment. New York: Devin-Adair Co.; 1957. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/americanfluorida0000exne\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR7","unstructured":"SugarScience\/UCSF. Symposium & launching of new food industry documents archive. 2018. Available online: https:\/\/sugarscience.ucsf.edu\/new-food-industry-documents-archive.html (accessed 10-Oct-2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR8","unstructured":"Xiang Q, Liang Y, Chen B, Wang C, Chen B, Chen X, et al. Effect of fluoride in drinking water on children\u2019s intelligence. Fluoride. 2003;36:84\u201394. https:\/\/www.fluorideresearch.org\/362\/files\/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang Q-q, Du J, Ma H-h, Jiang S-j, Zhou X-j. Fluoride and children\u2019s intelligence: A meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;126(1):115\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-008-8204-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8204-x"},{"key":"1154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bashash M, Thomas D, Hu H, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, Basu N, et al. Prenatal fluoride exposure and cognitive outcomes in children at 4 and 6\u201312 years of age in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(9): 097017.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP655.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP655"},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1729","volume":"173","author":"R Green","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R, Flora D, Martinez-Mier EA, Neufeld R, et al. Association between maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in offspring in Canada. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(10):940\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.1729.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1154_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105190","volume":"133","author":"JK Riddell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riddell JK, Malin AJ, Flora D, McCague H, Till C. Association of water fluoride and urinary fluoride concentrations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Canadian youth. Environ Int. 2019;133: 105190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105190.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105315","volume":"134","author":"C Till","year":"2020","unstructured":"Till C, Green R, Flora D, Hornung R, Martinez-Mier EA, Blazer M, et al. Fluoride exposure from infant formula and child IQ in a Canadian birth cohort. Environ Int. 2020;134: 105315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105315.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Review of the Draft NTP Monograph: Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25715","DOI":"10.17226\/25715"},{"key":"1154_CR15","unstructured":"Neurath C. Submission to the NAS and NTP: Dose-Response assessment of fluoride neurotoxicity studies. 2020. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/neurath-2020.fan-dose-response-assessment-of-ntp-studies-with-corrections.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104912","volume":"120","author":"AL Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(10):1362\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104912.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1154_CR17","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Documents Provided to the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC) and BSC Working Group [on Fluoride Systematic Review]; National Toxicology Program: March 15, 2023. https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ntp\/about_ntp\/bsc\/2023\/fluoride\/documents_provided_bsc_wg_031523.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. NTP Monograph on the State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopment and Cognition: A Systematic Review; NTP Monograph 08; National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, US Dept. of Health & Human Services: Research Triangle Park, NC, August 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22427\/NTP-MGRAPH-8","DOI":"10.22427\/NTP-MGRAPH-8"},{"key":"1154_CR19","unstructured":"United States District Court Northern District of California. Food & Water Watch et al vs US Environmental Protection Agency, 17-cv-02162-EMC. 17-cv-02162-EMC. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. 2024. https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/docket\/6201332\/445\/food-water-watch-inc-v-environmental-protection-agency"},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02725-2","volume":"94","author":"S Guth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guth S, H\u00fcser S, Roth A, Degen G, Diel P, Edlund K, et al. Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(5):1375\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-020-02725-2.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03072-6","volume":"95","author":"S Guth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guth S, Huser S, Roth A, Degen G, Diel P, Edlund K, et al. Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2021;95(7):2571\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-021-03072-6.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"1154_CR22","unstructured":"Oreskes N, Conway EM. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury Press; 2010. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/merchantsofdoubt00ores\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR23","unstructured":"American Dental Association (ADA). Community Water Fluoridation at Optimal Levels is Safe and Effective [press release]. 2024. https:\/\/www.ada.org\/about\/press-releases\/community-water-fluoridation-at-optimal-levels-is-safe-and-effective"},{"key":"1154_CR24","unstructured":"American Fluoridation Society (AFS). American Fluoridation Society homepage [website]. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/americanfluoridationsociety.org (accessed Dec. 4, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR25","unstructured":"Campaign for Dental Health. Campaign for Dental Health, about [webpage]. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/ilikemyteeth.org\/about\/ (accessed Dec. 4, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR26","unstructured":"Association of State & Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD). Fluorides Committee [webpage]. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.astdd.org\/fluoridation-and-fluorides-committee\/ (accessed Dec. 4, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR27","unstructured":"Michaels D. Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health: Oxford University Press; 2008. https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/doubt-is-their-product-9780195300673"},{"key":"1154_CR28","unstructured":"Michaels D. TV interview about Michaels\u2019 book \u201cDoubt Is Their Product\u201d [online video]. 2008. https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?205879-1\/doubt-product"},{"key":"1154_CR29","unstructured":"Bernays EL. Propaganda. New York: Liveright; 1928. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bernays-edward-l.-propaganda-1928-1936_202107"},{"key":"1154_CR30","unstructured":"Bernays EL, Baumgartner L. Edward L Bernays papers. selected letters related to fluoridation, New York City, Health Commissioner Baumgartner, Box I:47,1961. 1961.\u00a0https:\/\/findingaids.loc.gov\/db\/search\/xq\/searchITFA02.xq?_q=baumgartner&_type=all&select=all&_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms003016&_displayTerm=baumgartner&_zx=go&_raw_mfer_q=baumgartner."},{"key":"1154_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGarity TO, Wagner WE. Bending Science: How Special Interests Corrupt Public Health Research. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv13qftkm","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv13qftkm"},{"key":"1154_CR32","unstructured":"C-SPAN, Center for American Progress, Book TV. Speech by David Michaels on his book \u201cDoubt Is Their Product\u201d. 2008. https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?205879-1\/doubt-product"},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2118631119","volume":"119","author":"MJ McFarland","year":"2022","unstructured":"McFarland MJ, Hauer ME, Reuben A. Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2022;119(11): e2118631119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2118631119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146307","volume":"778","author":"J Boyle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyle J, Yeter D, Aschner M, Wheeler DC. Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States. Sci Total Environ. 2021;778: 146307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146307.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110721","volume":"110","author":"PJ Landrigan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environ Health Perspectives. 2002;110(7):721\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.02110721.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspectives"},{"key":"1154_CR36","unstructured":"Fellows JL. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs --- United States, 1995--1999; Center for Disease Control: Atlanta, Georgia, April 11, 2002. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5114a2.htm"},{"key":"1154_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neurath C. Video and Powerpoint: The Scientific Evidence for Fluoride\u2019s Developmental Neurotoxicity. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/studies\/neurath-powerpoint-developmental-neurotoxicity\/ (accessed December 19, 2023).","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2023.EP-044"},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/puh2.70009","volume":"3","author":"B Osmunson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osmunson B, Cole G. Community Water Fluoridation a Cost\u2013Benefit\u2013Risk Consideration. Public Health Challenges. 2024;3(4): e70009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/puh2.70009.","journal-title":"Public Health Challenges"},{"key":"1154_CR39","unstructured":"University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). Industry Documents Library. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR40","unstructured":"Digital Library of the Caribbean. Digital Library of the Caribbean. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/dloc.com\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR41","unstructured":"Colorado State University. CSU - Great Western Sugar Company Records. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/archives.mountainscholar.org\/digital\/collection\/p17393coll85 (accessed December 30, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR42","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Fredrick J. Stare papers, Harvard University Hollis Archives. COLLECTION Identifier: H MS c499. 2024. https:\/\/hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu\/repositories\/14\/resources\/7859"},{"key":"1154_CR43","unstructured":"Hegsted DM. 2024. D. Mark Hegsted papers, Harvard archives at Center for the History of Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu\/repositories\/14\/resources\/6566 (accessed"},{"key":"1154_CR44","unstructured":"HathiTrust. HathiTrust Digital Library. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.hathitrust.org\/the-collection\/ (accessed June 5, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR45","unstructured":"The Internet Archive. Internet archive: Digital library of free & borrowable books, movies, music, & Wayback Machine. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/archive.org\/ (accessed December 30, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR46","unstructured":"Bryson C. The Fluoride Deception. New York: Seven Stories Press; 2004. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/fluoridedeceptio00brys"},{"key":"1154_CR47","unstructured":"Meiers P. The History of Fluorine, Fluoride and Fluoridation. 2021. Available online: http:\/\/fluoride-history.de\/ (accessed July 16, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR48","unstructured":"SourceWatch. SourceWatch website. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR49","unstructured":"US Right to Know. U.S. Right to Know website. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/usrtk.org\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR50","unstructured":"Corporate Accountability. Corporate Accountability website. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/corporateaccountability.org\/ (accessed July 24, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR51","unstructured":"Testbiotech. Testbiotech website. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.testbiotech.org\/en (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2078","volume":"369","author":"G Iacobucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacobucci G. Food and drink industry sought to influence scientists and academics, emails show. BMJ. 2020;369: m2078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m2078.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1154_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1666","volume":"369","author":"G Iacobucci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iacobucci G. Food and soft drink industry has too much influence over US dietary guidelines, report says. The British Medical Journal. 2020;369: m1666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1666.","journal-title":"The British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-70","volume":"12","author":"P Grandjean","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grandjean P, Ozonoff D. Transparency and translation of science in a modern world. Environ Health. 2013;12(1):70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-069X-12-70.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"1154_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mialon M, Ho M, Carriedo A, Ruskin G, Crosbie E. Beyond nutrition and physical activity: food industry shaping of the very principles of scientific integrity. Global Health. 2021;17:Article number 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00689-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00689-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00723-0","volume":"20","author":"RF Goldberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldberg RF, Vandenberg LN. The science of spin: targeted strategies to manufacture doubt with detrimental effects on environmental and public health. Environ Health. 2021;20(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00723-0.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"36","key":"1154_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0478-6","volume":"15","author":"S Steele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steele S, Ruskin G, Sarcevic L, McKee M, Stuckler D. Are industry-funded charities promoting \u201cadvocacy-led studies\u201d or \u201cevidence-based science\u201d?: a case study of the International Life Sciences Institute. Glob Health. 2019;15(36):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-019-0478-6.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"1154_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steele S, Ruskin G, Stuckler D. Pushing partnerships: corporate influence on research and policy via the International Life Sciences Institute. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(11):2032\u20132040.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1368980019005184.","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019005184"},{"issue":"22","key":"1154_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9158","volume":"173","author":"M Nestle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nestle M. Conflicts of interest in the regulation of food safety: a threat to scientific integrity. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(22):2036\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9158.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"1154_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.10559","volume":"173","author":"TG Neltner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neltner TG, Alger HM, O\u2019Reilly JT, Krimsky S, Bero LA, Maffini MV. Conflicts of interest in approvals of additives to food determined to be generally recognized as safe: Out of balance. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(22):2032\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.10559.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172317","volume":"12","author":"S Krimsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krimsky S, Schwab T. Conflicts of interest among committee members in the National Academies\u2019 genetically engineered crop study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(2): e0172317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0172317.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6987","key":"1154_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(57)90614-1","volume":"273","author":"J Yudkin","year":"1957","unstructured":"Yudkin J. Diet and coronary thrombosis hypothesis and fact. Lancet. 1957;273(6987):155\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(57)90614-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1154_CR63","unstructured":"Yudkin J. Pure, White and Deadly: Penguin UK; 1988. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/purewhiteanddeadlybyjohnyudkin1972\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR64","unstructured":"Yudkin J, Lustig RH. Pure, White, and Deadly: How Sugar Is Killing Us and What We Can Do to Stop It. New York: Penguin Publishing Group; 2012. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/purewhitedeadlyh0000yudk\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR65","unstructured":"Headlee C. Big Sugar: Bittersweet [podcast]. iHeart Podcasts. Available online: https:\/\/omny.fm\/shows\/big-sugar\/bittersweet. Accessed 30 June 2025."},{"key":"1154_CR66","unstructured":"Cowgill GH, Sugar Research Foundation. Letter from George H Cowgill to Robert C Hockett. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/kzjl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR67","unstructured":"SourceWatch. Frederick J. Stare. 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php\/Frederick_J._Stare (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR68","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation. First Annual Meeting Sugar Research Foundation; February 3, 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/jyml0226"},{"key":"1154_CR69","unstructured":"Lustig RH. Sugar: The Bitter Truth. Mini Medical School for the Public. 2009. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dBnniua6-oM"},{"key":"1154_CR70","unstructured":"Teicholz N. The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2014. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bigfatsurprisewh0000teic_f3h9\/mode\/2up"},{"issue":"4","key":"1154_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm196707272770405","volume":"277","author":"RB McGandy","year":"1967","unstructured":"McGandy RB, Hegsted DM, Stare FJ. Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1967;277(4):186\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm196707272770405.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1154_CR72","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation. Sugar Research, 1943\u20131959: Sugar Research Foundation; 1960. https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=coo.31924003641085&seq=5"},{"key":"1154_CR73","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation. Report of the Executive Director to Members of the Sugar Research Foundation at the First Annual Meeting on March 2, 1944; Sugar Research Foundation: March 2, 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=jyml0226"},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N126","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(76)90214-0","volume":"1","author":"J Yudkin","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yudkin J, Stare F. Discussion Forum: Sweet Truth: John Yudkin \u2014 sugar and disease, Fredrick Stare \u2013 sugar is a cheap safe food. Trends Biochem Sci. 1976;1(6):N126\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0968-0004(76)90214-0.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N155","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(76)90407-2","volume":"1","author":"RA Ahrens","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ahrens RA. Sugar and disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 1976;1(7):N155\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0968-0004(76)90407-2.","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"1154_CR76","unstructured":"Wayne State University, Stare FJ. Twelve Authorities Evaluate Fluoride [video]. 1960.\u00a0https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/food_yhbd0233."},{"issue":"9","key":"1154_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.73040480013009","volume":"178","author":"FJ Stare","year":"1961","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Nutritional Challenges for Physicians. JAMA. 1961;178(9):924\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1961.73040480013009.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75773-6","volume":"104","author":"PH Phillips","year":"1934","unstructured":"Phillips PH, Stare FJ. The distribution of a reducing substance (vitamin C) in the tissues of fluorine-fed cows. J Biol Chem. 1934;104(2):351\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75773-6.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75458-6","volume":"106","author":"PH Phillips","year":"1934","unstructured":"Phillips PH, Stare FJ, Elvehjem CA. A study of tissue respiration and certain reducing substances in chronic fluorosis and scurvy in the guinea pig. J Biol Chem. 1934;106(1):41\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)75458-6.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1154_CR80","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Is Fluoridation Really Safe? San Francisco Chronicle. April 1, 1964. https:\/\/infoweb.newsbank.com\/apps\/readex\/user\/login?destination=doc%3Fp%3DARDX%26docref%3Dimage\/v2%253A142051F45F422A02%2540EANX-150B69D5AA2B8506%25402438487-150B5F4D8B81F037%254022-150B5F4D8B81F037%2540"},{"key":"1154_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council Committee on Dental Health. The Problem of Providing Optimum Fluoride Intake for Prevention of Dental Caries: A Report of the Committee on Dental Health of the Food and Nutrition Board: Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council; 1953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21041","DOI":"10.17226\/21041"},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.5.1007","volume":"134","author":"DM Hegsted","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hegsted DM. Fredrick John Stare (1910\u20132002). J Nutr. 2004;134(5):1007\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/134.5.1007.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1154_CR83","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Adventures in Nutrition: An Autobiography. Hanover, Massachusetts: Christopher Publishing House; 1991. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/adventuresinnutr00star\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR84","unstructured":"Hess JL. Harvard's Sugar-Pushing Nutritionist. Saturday Rev. https:\/\/www.unz.com\/print\/SaturdayRev-1978aug-00010\/"},{"key":"1154_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton PRN. Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press; 1960. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/fluoride-book-sutton-fluoridation-errors-and-omissions-in-experimental-trials-me","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1960.tb87210.x"},{"key":"1154_CR86","unstructured":"People shop and Stare. The Present Illness. 1973;(4):1,6. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/jlkd0229"},{"key":"1154_CR87","unstructured":"Pearmain J. Open letters concerning Dr Frederick J Stare [reprint]. Selene River Press. 1957. https:\/\/www.seleneriverpress.com\/historical\/open-letters-concerning-dr-frederick-j-stare-modern-nutrition-magazine\/"},{"key":"1154_CR88","unstructured":"SourceWatch. American Council on Science and Health. 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php\/American_Council_on_Science_and_Health (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR89","unstructured":"Donohoe MT. Corporate front groups and the abuse of science: the saga of the American Council on Science and Health. Z Magazine. 2007;42. http:\/\/phsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/11\/corporate-front-groups-abuse-of-science-with-background-and-refs.doc"},{"key":"1154_CR90","unstructured":"The junkyard dogs of science. PR Watch. 1998;5(4). https:\/\/www.prwatch.org\/files\/pdfs\/prwatch\/prwv5n4.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR91","unstructured":"Barrett S, Rovin S. The Tooth Robbers: A Pro-Fluoridation Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: George F. Stickley Company; 1980. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/toothrobbersprof0000unse"},{"key":"1154_CR92","unstructured":"Ruskin G, US Right to Know. American Council on Science and Health is a corporate front group. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/usrtk.org\/industry-pr\/american-council-on-science-and-health (accessed May 15, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR93","unstructured":"ACSH, Lieberman AJ, Kwon SC. Facts Versus Fears: A Review of the Greatest Unfounded Health Scares of Recent Times. New York, NY: American Council on Science and Health; 2004. https:\/\/www.acsh.org\/news\/2004\/09\/28\/facts-versus-fears-fourth-edition"},{"key":"1154_CR94","unstructured":"Harnik PX. Voodoo Science, Twisted Consumerism: The Golden Assurances of the American Council on Science and Health; Center for Science in the Public Interest: Washington, D. C., 1982. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ftvh0137"},{"key":"1154_CR95","unstructured":"Berezow AB. Little Black Book of Junk Science. New York: American Council on Science & Health; 2017. https:\/\/www.acsh.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Little%20Black%20Book%20of%20Junk%20Science.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR96","unstructured":"Whelan EM, Stare FJ. Panic in the Pantry: Facts & Fallacies about the Food You Buy. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books; 1992. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/panicinpantryfac0000whel\/page\/n1\/mode\/1up"},{"key":"1154_CR97","unstructured":"Berger LR. The Present Illness. Harv Med Alumni Bull. 1974;48(3):14\u201316. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/mfvg0123"},{"key":"1154_CR98","unstructured":"Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. Agreement for The Sugar Institute Inc Industrial Fellowship no 1, Mellon Institute Industrial Fellowship no 785. Buhl Records, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center. 1930."},{"key":"1154_CR99","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Project for the Experimental Study of Nutrition in the Prevention of Tooth Decay. 1935. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/shcl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR100","unstructured":"Philosopher's stone. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosopher's_stone (accessed July 18, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppert CA, Webber PA, Canniff TL. The production of dental caries in rats fed an adequate diet. Science. 1931;74(1907):77\u201378. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1656729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.74.1907.77"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345320120010601","volume":"12","author":"CA Hoppert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Hoppert CA, Webber PA, Canniff TL. The production of dental caries in rats fed an adequate diet. J Dent Res. 1932;12(1):161\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345320120010601.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/43.2.303","volume":"43","author":"FJ McClure","year":"1951","unstructured":"McClure FJ. Experimental dental caries in rats. J Nutr. 1951;43(2):303\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/43.2.303.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345480270050401","volume":"27","author":"GJ Cox","year":"1948","unstructured":"Cox GJ, Dodds ML, Levin MM, Hodge HC. The effect of carbohydrates on experimental caries in the rat. J Dent Res. 1948;27(5):562\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345480270050401.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1154_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cox GJ, Matuschak MC, Dixon SF, Dodds ML, Walker WE. Experimental dental caries: IV. Fluorine and its relation to dental caries. J Dent Res. 1939;18(6):481\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345390180060201","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345390180060201"},{"key":"1154_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gies WJ. International Association for Dental Research: Proceedings of the Fifteenth General Meeting' Lord Baltimore Hotel, Baltimore, Maryland March 13 and 14, 1937. J Dent Res. 1937;16(4):289\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345370160040301","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345370160040301"},{"key":"1154_CR107","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Memo on Mellon Institute\u2019s Cox Fellowship. 1935. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/rzbl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR108","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Progress report for the two months ended October 31, 1936, The Buhl Foundation, Industrial Fellowship No. 253\u20132. Prevention of dental caries by means of haliver oil and increased calcium and phosphorus. 1936, 1\u20133. p 1 of report: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/rzbl0226 ; pp 2\u20133 in: https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/lfcl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR109","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Progress report for the two months ended January 31, 1937, The Buhl Foundation, Industrial Fellowship No. 253\u20132: The Control Diet, No 56; High Fluorine Diet, No 115; Low Fluorine Diet, No 120; Diets High in Fat, Diets 117 and 121; The Meat Diet, No 114; Conclusions on Incidence of Caries as Related to Diet. 1937. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/hxcl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR110","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Special Report on Plans for Further Studies of Dental Caries; Mellon Institute; Buhl Foundation: April 9, 1936. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/sxcl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR111","unstructured":"The Buhl Foundation, Starrett CV, McCall JO, Krasnow F, Dutcher A. A Report of Consultations with Prominent Biochemists and Dental Authorities on Proposed Mellon Institute Dental Caries Research; 1935. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=pfcl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR112","unstructured":"Gerald J Cox obituary. Pittsburg Press. January 17, 1989. https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/newspage\/144817261\/"},{"key":"1154_CR113","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Patent Application: Use of Fluorides in Prevention of Dental Caries. 1939. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ntbl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR114","unstructured":"Cox GJ. Fluoridation and Dental Caries. The Sugar Molecule. 1952;5(4):3\u20145. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/tlnk0226"},{"key":"1154_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council. A Survey of the Literature of Dental Caries. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21295","DOI":"10.17226\/21295"},{"key":"1154_CR116","unstructured":"Journal of the American Dental Association. University of Pittsburgh.\u2014Appointment of Gerald J. Cox as director of dental research. News of Dentistry. 1948;37(November):603. https:\/\/jada.ada.org\/article\/S0002-8177(48)75016-4\/pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR117","unstructured":"Corn Products Refining Company. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/mycompanies.fandom.com\/wiki\/Corn_Products_Refining_Company (accessed 07\/18\/2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR118","unstructured":"Our History. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ingredion.com\/content\/dam\/ingredion\/pdf-downloads\/corporate\/INGR-Timeline-2021-FINAL.pdf (accessed 07\/19\/2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR119","unstructured":"Researches of Mellon Institute. News Edition, American Chemical Society. 1941;19. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ytgg0055"},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000262394","volume":"31","author":"DH Leverett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leverett DH, Adair SM, Vaughan BW, Proskin HM, Moss ME. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of prenatal fluoride supplements in preventing dental caries. Caries Res. 1997;31(3):174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000262394.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"1154_CR121","unstructured":"Fluoride Action Network. CDC: No Early Life Benefit To Fluoride (TSCA Lawsuit Update Dec 2020). Hannan deposition excerpts. 2020. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2yDMwhWsa4U"},{"key":"1154_CR122","unstructured":"Videotaped deposition of Dr. Gary Slade [transcript]. for the case Food & Water Watch et al vs US Environmental Protection Agency; in the case United States District Court Northern District of California, 17-cv-02162-EMC; taken 13 August. 2019."},{"key":"1154_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111315","volume":"200","author":"L Farmus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farmus L, Till C, Green R, Hornung R, Mier EAM, Ayotte P, et al. Critical windows of fluoride neurotoxicity in Canadian children. Environ Res. 2021;200: 111315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111315.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1154_CR124","unstructured":"Lanphear B, Till C, Birnbaum LS. Op-ed: It is time to protect kids\u2019 developing brains from fluoride. Environmental Health News. 2020. https:\/\/www.ehn.org\/fluoride-and-childrens-health-2648120286.html"},{"key":"1154_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.04.023","volume":"222","author":"M Bashash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bashash M, Hu H. Ingestion of infant formula constituted from fluoridated water associated with IQ deficit. Current best evidence J Pediatr. 2020;222:253\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.04.023.","journal-title":"Current best evidence J Pediatr"},{"key":"1154_CR126","unstructured":"Christakis D, Rivara F. Association between maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in offspring in Canada [podcast]. American Medical Association. Available online: https:\/\/edhub.ama-assn.org\/jn-learning\/audio-player\/17802991 (accessed September 24, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR127","unstructured":"Martin B. Scientific knowledge in controversy: the social dynamics of the fluoridation debate. 1991, 151. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2554051\/Scientific_knowledge_in_controversy_The_social_dynamics_of_the_fluoridation_debate"},{"key":"1154_CR128","unstructured":"Dusenbery M. Document Dive: What\u2019s Inside the Sugar Industry\u2019s Filing Cabinets? Mother Jones. 2012. https:\/\/www.motherjones.com\/environment\/2012\/10\/sugar-industry-internal-documents-revealed\/"},{"key":"1154_CR129","unstructured":"Lamborn OH. A Suggested Program for the Cane and Beet Sugar Industries. 1942. https:\/\/s3.documentcloud.org\/documents\/480900\/a-suggested-program-for-the-cane-and-beet-sugar.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR130","unstructured":"Mustain P. That time big tobacco hired a sugar researcher to help them muddle the science on health. Sci Am. 2015. https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/food-matters\/that-time-big-tobacco-hired-a-sugar-researcher-to-help-them-muddle-the-science-on-health\/"},{"key":"1154_CR131","unstructured":"Markowitz GE. Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 2002. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/deceitdenialdead0000mark_b2e9\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR132","unstructured":"Kitman JL. The Secret History of Lead. The Nation. 2000;(March 20, 2000):11\u201344. https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/archive\/secret-history-lead\/"},{"key":"1154_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovarik W. A century of tragedy: How the car and gas industry knew about the health risks of leaded fuel but sold it for 100 years anyway. The Conversation. 2021. https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-century-of-tragedy-how-the-car-and-gas-industry-knew-about-the-health-risks-of-leaded-fuel-but-sold-it-for-100-years-anyway-173395","DOI":"10.64628\/AAI.ypf6gu9gh"},{"key":"1154_CR134","unstructured":"Kovarik W. The Ethyl Controversy: How the news media set the agenda for a public health controversy over leaded gasoline, 1924\u20131926 [PhD Dissertation reprint]. Maryland: University of Maryland; 2013; original 1993. Available online: http:\/\/billkovarik.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/08\/Ethyl.Controversy.Kovarik.dissertation.pdf (accessed June 11, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR135","unstructured":"Fluoride Action Network. The Fluoride Deception: An Interview with Christopher Bryson. 2011. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ly_QP4rGczo"},{"key":"1154_CR136","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation. Work in Process: Scientific Projects, Organization, Award Program: Sugar Research Foundation, Inc; 1947. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8muBAJxcK3EC ; https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=uiug.30112070307464&seq=5"},{"key":"1154_CR137","unstructured":"Lamborn OH, Greene EW, Bunker E, Abbott JF. Memo to SRF Executive Committee (regarding Hockett hiring). 1943. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/xnml0226"},{"key":"1154_CR138","unstructured":"Global Prevention. Pioneer in Dental Prevention Henry Trendley Dean (August 25, 1893 \u2013 May 13, 1962); excerpted from Axelsson P. Preventive Materials, Methods, and Programs. Quintessence. Chicago, 2004 p 305\u2013312. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalprevention.ch\/post\/pioneer-in-dental-prevention-henry-trendley-dean-august-25-1893-may-13-1962 (accessed December 28, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR139","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Correspondence between Hockett and Irving Fisher reproduced in Sugar Research Foundation Bulletin. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/shpv0228"},{"key":"1154_CR140","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Robert Hockett Application to the TIRC 1954. 1954. https:\/\/industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=mgjn0041"},{"key":"1154_CR141","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Deposition of Dr. Robert Hockett, Volume II, in the Matter of Rogers vs RJR Reynolds in District Court of Jefferson County, TX. 1985. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ynyx0007"},{"key":"1154_CR142","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Letter from RC Hockett to Basil R Littin, Tobacco Industry Research Committee, Hill & Knowlton. 1954. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=ygjn0041"},{"key":"1154_CR143","unstructured":"Blalock JV, Muije CS, Brown & Williamson Tobacco. Smoking and Health Proposal. 1969. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=psdw0147"},{"key":"1154_CR144","unstructured":"US House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Hockett RC. Cigarette smoking and health, update 1978: hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, October 5 and 6, 1978. Testimony of Robert Casad Hockett, Ph.D., Research Director, The Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. US House, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1978, 3\u201349. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/details\/CHRG-95hhrg37575O\/context"},{"key":"1154_CR145","unstructured":"Goss BC, Institute of Public Relations. Letter from BC Goss to Lamborn. 1943. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=lyjl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR146","unstructured":"Goss BC. Letter from BC Goss to Ody Lamborn. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=ssll0226"},{"key":"1154_CR147","unstructured":"Goss BC, Institute of Public Relations. Letter from BC Goss to Lamborn. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=xhkl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR148","unstructured":"Goss BC. Background Material on the Cigarette Industry Client. 1953. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=tybp0062"},{"key":"1154_CR149","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation. Sugar Research Foundation, committee correspondence. 1943. https:\/\/ufdc.ufl.edu\/AA00035194\/00045\/thumbs"},{"key":"1154_CR150","unstructured":"Russell KM. The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations: University of North Carolina Press; 1999. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=mB5BAAAAMAAJ ; https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/voiceofbusinessh0000russ_k1y6"},{"key":"1154_CR151","unstructured":"Goss BC, Institute of Public Relations. Letter from BC Goss to Ody H Lamborn. 1944, 2. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=hzjl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR152","unstructured":"Goss BC, Institute of Public Relations. Letter from BC Goss to RC Hockett. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=ygkl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR153","unstructured":"Goss BC. Letter from BC Goss to Ody H Lamborn. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=tsll0226"},{"key":"1154_CR154","unstructured":"Lamborn OH. Letter to JF Aboott. 1943. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=kyjl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR155","unstructured":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, News Service. Sugar Research, M.I.T. 1943. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=myjl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR156","unstructured":"Tobacco Industry Research Committee. Previous Appropriations. 1955. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/qmnc0215"},{"key":"1154_CR157","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Talk on T.I.R.C. Activities; Tape 2 (tape transcript). 1957. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ktcm0042"},{"key":"1154_CR158","unstructured":"Stare FJ, Geyer RP. Intravenous Effects of Smoke Condensate, TIRC Grant, Final Report: January 1, 1956 - December 31, 1956; Harvard School of Public Health: December 20, 1962. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/kyff0215"},{"key":"1154_CR159","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Letter to Robert C. Hockett of TIRC. 1956. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/nkwp0216"},{"key":"1154_CR160","unstructured":"Stare FJ, Gayer RP. Application for research grant continuation of experimental studies of the possible carcinogenic action of cigarette smoke condensate using emulsions of this material intravenously in rats and mice. 1956. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/mkwp0216"},{"key":"1154_CR161","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Letter to FJ Stare. 1971. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/knwn0041"},{"key":"1154_CR162","unstructured":"SourceWatch. Carl C. Seltzer. 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php?title=Carl_C._Seltzer (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR163","unstructured":"Hockett RC. memo re phone call with Seltzer at Harvard and funding his tobacco work through Stare. 1962. https:\/\/industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/lljw0077"},{"key":"1154_CR164","unstructured":"Shinn WW. letter to tobacco company lawyers advising Stare is seeking funding for Seltzer. 1974. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/jxxc0101"},{"key":"1154_CR165","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Finances. Dept. of Nutrition - HSPH 1967\u20131968. Dr. Stare, Chairman. (copy) for Dr. Stare, 1967\u20131968. FILE \u2014 Box: 16, Folder: 34 Identifier: H MS c499. 1969. https:\/\/hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu\/repositories\/14\/archival_objects\/2526949"},{"key":"1154_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proctor RN. Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition: University of California Press; 2011. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/goldenholocausto0000proc\/mode\/2up","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520950436"},{"key":"1154_CR167","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Sugar and Tobacco. The Sugar Molecule. 1949;3(4):18. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=tknk0226"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/03602537808993776","volume":"8","author":"MA Russell","year":"1978","unstructured":"Russell MA, Feyerabend C. Cigarette smoking: a dependence on high-nicotine boli. Drug Metabolism Revues. 1978;8(1):29\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03602537808993776.","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism Revues"},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910370605","volume":"37","author":"S Benhamou","year":"1986","unstructured":"Benhamou S, Benhamou E, Flamant R. Lung cancer risk associated with cigar and pipe smoking. Int J Cancer. 1986;37(6):825\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.2910370605.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000034","volume":"24","author":"K Fukumoto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fukumoto K, Ito H, Matsuo K, Tanaka H, Yokoi K, Tajima K, et al. Cigarette smoke inhalation and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study in a large Japanese population. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015;24(3):195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000034.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"1154_CR171","unstructured":"Weiss FJ, Sugar Research Foundation. Tobacco and Sugar; No. 22; Sugar Research Foundation: October 1950. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/jmvc0212"},{"key":"1154_CR172","unstructured":"Hockett RC. Letter from Hockett to Francis Joseph Weiss. 1955. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/nrlp0215"},{"issue":"4797","key":"1154_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4797.1271","volume":"2","author":"R Doll","year":"1952","unstructured":"Doll R, Hill AB. A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J. 1952;2(4797):1271\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.2.4797.1271.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"4808","key":"1154_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4808.505","volume":"1","author":"R Doll","year":"1953","unstructured":"Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and lung cancer. Br Med J. 1953;1(4808):505\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.1.4808.505.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1154_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hujoel PP. Vitamin D and dental caries in controlled clinical trials: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(2):88\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00544.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00544.x"},{"key":"1154_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hujoel PP. Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseases. J Dent Res. 2009;88(6):490\u2013502. https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034509337700","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509337700"},{"key":"1154_CR177","unstructured":"LaMotte S. The Swedish cavity experiments: How dentists rotted the teeth of the mentally handicapped to study candy\u2019s effect. CNN. October 30, 2019. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2019\/10\/30\/health\/swedish-cavity-experiment-wellness\/index.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263x.1995.tb00167.x","volume":"5","author":"C Stecksen-Blicks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stecksen-Blicks C, Holm AK. Between-meal eating, toothbrushing frequency and dental caries in 4-year-old children in the north of Sweden. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1995;5(2):67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-263x.1995.tb00167.x.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"1154_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindroos AK, Moraeus L, Sipinen JP, Lemming EW, Patterson E. The Contribution of Foods and Beverages of Low Nutritional Value to the Diets of Swedish Adolescents, by Food Group, Time and Place. A Nationally Representative Study. Nutrients. 2021;13(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13072450","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072450"},{"key":"1154_CR180","unstructured":"Samuelsson J. Lex Norrk\u00f6ping: The Norrk\u00f6ping Water Fluoridation Trials 1952\u20131962 and the Passing of the 1962 Water Fluoridation Act [Master\u2019s thesis]. Ume\u00e5, Sweden: Ume\u00e5 University; 2016. Available online: http:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-115273 (accessed June 11, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR181","unstructured":"Birmingham F. Fluoridation of water. Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-third Congress, second session, on H. R. 2341. A bill to protect the public health from the dangers of fluorination of water. Statement of Miss Florence Birmingham, President, Massachusetts Women's Political Club. US House, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 1954, 45\u201358. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/fluoridationofwa00unit\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"1154_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phair WP, Driscoll MF. The status of fluoridation programs in the United States, its territories and possessions. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1952;45(5):555\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1952.0230","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1952.0230"},{"key":"1154_CR183","unstructured":"Taylor E. Fluorine-caries control study at Marshall and Jacksonville. Texas J Am Dent Hyg Assoc. 1946;20:41\u20134.\u00a0https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21023671."},{"key":"1154_CR184","unstructured":"Value of fluorides in water proved in long Texas study. Pittsburgh Press. 1953:12. https:\/\/post-gazette.newspapers.com\/search\/?date=1953-01-30&keyword=fluorides&publication-ids=4098"},{"key":"1154_CR185","unstructured":"Ross P, American Sugar Company, The International Sugar Research Foundation, Inc. Minutes of the Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board of the ISRF. 1969, 2\u20135. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=llbk0226"},{"key":"1154_CR186","unstructured":"Sugar Research Foundation, Lamborn OH, Hockett RC. Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the Board of Directors. 1944. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=gzyv0228"},{"key":"1154_CR187","unstructured":"Mork F, Lamborn OH, Sugar Research Foundation. To the Directors of the Sugar Research Foundation Inc, We quote letters of interest. 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/tkkl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR188","unstructured":"Harold Hillenbrand, leader in U.S. dentistry. Chicago Tribune. June 3, 1986. https:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/ct-xpm-1986-06-03-8602090092-story.html"},{"key":"1154_CR189","unstructured":"U. S. Congress House Committee on Ways and Means. Tax Reform, 1969: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, First Session, on the Subject of Tax Reform: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1969. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cJUsAAAAMAAJ"},{"key":"1154_CR190","unstructured":"Deaths Elsewhere: Emory Morris. Toledo Blade. July 9, 1974. p 9; https:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=CtFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7234%2C1280694"},{"key":"1154_CR191","unstructured":"W. K. Kellogg Foundation. The First Twenty-Five Years: The Story of a Foundation: W.K. Kellogg Foundation; 1956. https:\/\/wkkf.issuelab.org\/resource\/the-first-twenty-five-years.html"},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1982.tb05243.x","volume":"40","author":"FJ Stare","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stare FJ. Forty Years Of Nutrition Reviews. Nutr Rev. 1982;40(11):321\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1982.tb05243.x.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1154_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anthony LP. The Effect of Fluorine on Dental Caries. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1944;31(19):1360\u20131363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.1944.0298","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1944.0298"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00051.x","volume":"49","author":"HF Akers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akers HF, Porter SA. An historical perspective on early progress of Queensland water fluoridation 1945\u20131954: sheep, climate and sugar. Aust Dent J. 2004;49(2):61\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00051.x.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"1154_CR195","unstructured":"Jay P. Letter to F.J. McClure regarding reminiscences from 1940s of Grand Rapids fluoridation trial, dated May 3, 1967. Located in National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division, ACC 1998\u2013001 NIDR Fluoridation Files. 1967."},{"key":"1154_CR196","unstructured":"W. K. Kellogg Foundation. 1970 W.K. Kellogg Foundation Annual Report; 1971. https:\/\/wkkf.issuelab.org\/resource\/1970-w-k-kellogg-foundation-annual-report.html"},{"key":"1154_CR197","unstructured":"(PFPC) PoFPC. Kellogg\u2019s. 2002. Available online: https:\/\/poisonfluoride.com\/pfpc\/html\/kellogg_1.html (accessed October 6, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR198","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization. Promoting Oral Health: The Use of Salt Fluoridation to Prevent Dental Caries.; Pan American Health Organization: Washington DC, 2005. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/736"},{"key":"1154_CR199","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Final Report to the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Project # 43225, Multi-Year Plan for Salt Fluoridation Programs in the Region of the Americas (Belize, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela); Pan American Health Organization: Washington DC, May 2000. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/multi-year-plan-salt-fluoridation-programs-region-americas"},{"key":"1154_CR200","unstructured":"Fice Mork obituary. New York Times. February 15, 1969. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1969\/02\/15\/archives\/fice-mork.html"},{"key":"1154_CR201","unstructured":"Dr. Waldo H. Mork, dentist 50 years; past President of State and First District Societies, early X-Ray user, dies. New York Times. February 13, 1953. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1953\/02\/13\/archives\/dr-waldo-h-mork-dentist-50-years-past-president-of-state-and-first.html"},{"key":"1154_CR202","unstructured":"US Census. United States Census, 1880. 1880. https:\/\/familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/3:1:33SQ-GYBD-9MZR?cc=1417683&wc=X4NR-GP8%3A1589409304%2C1589410544%2C1589395887%2C1589406889 :"},{"key":"1154_CR203","unstructured":"FamilySearch. Fice Mork Family Tree, United States Census, 1920. 1920. https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/ark:\/61903\/1:1:MJPX-L8S"},{"key":"1154_CR204","unstructured":"FamilySearch. Mork Family Tree. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.familysearch.org\/tree\/pedigree\/landscape\/GCSL-6RT (accessed July 17, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR205","unstructured":"Hockett RC, Mork F, Lamborn OH. To the Directors of The Sugar Research Foundation: More on Dental Caries. 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/jzkl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR206","unstructured":"Mork F. Letter to OH Lamborn. November 28. 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=xpll0226"},{"key":"1154_CR207","unstructured":"Mork F. Letter to OH Lamborn. November 21. 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=rpll0226"},{"key":"1154_CR208","unstructured":"Lamborn OH, McKay FS, Dean HT, Armstrong WD, Bibby BG, Ast DB. Fluorine in Dental Public Health; New York Institute of Clinical Oral Pathology: June 27, 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=hfxw0229"},{"key":"1154_CR209","unstructured":"Karl T. Compton. 2022. Available online: https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/profile\/karl-t-compton\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR210","unstructured":"James B. Conant. 2022. Available online: https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/profile\/james-b-conant\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR211","unstructured":"Vannevar Bush. 2022. Available online: https:\/\/ahf.nuclearmuseum.org\/ahf\/profile\/vannevar-bush\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council. Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. ed, editor. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/11571","DOI":"10.17226\/11571"},{"key":"1154_CR213","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Draft NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects; National Toxicology Program: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: September 16, 2020. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/ntp.revised-monograph.9-16-2020.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR214","unstructured":"Mork F, New York Institute of Clinical Oral Pathology. Press Release. June 6. 1945. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/food\/docs\/#id=qykl0226"},{"key":"1154_CR215","unstructured":"Hillebrand SS, The International Sugar Research F. Dental Caries a Review of Current Research on the Prevention of Cavities; March 1975; p 82. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=xpyv0228"},{"key":"1154_CR216","unstructured":"Jewett C. Sacklers gave millions to institution that advises on opioid policy. New York Times. April 23, 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/04\/23\/health\/sacklers-opioids-national-academies-science.html"},{"key":"1154_CR217","unstructured":"Comments on \u201cSacklers Gave Millions to Institution That Advises on Opioid Policy\u201d by Christina Jewett. 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/04\/23\/health\/sacklers-opioids-national-academies-science.html#commentsContainer"},{"key":"1154_CR218","unstructured":"US General Accounting Office. Comments on [FOIA] Laws' Applicability to NAS. 1998. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/b-281390"},{"key":"1154_CR219","unstructured":"Jewett C. National Academies Members Demand Answers About Sacklers\u2019 Donations. New York Times. April 28, 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/04\/28\/health\/national-academies-sacklers.html"},{"key":"1154_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academy of Sciences. Report of the Treasurer for the Year Ended December 31, 2014; National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21779","DOI":"10.17226\/21779"},{"key":"1154_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Fluoridation of Water Supplies, November 29, 1951. Washington: National Academies Press; 1952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21295","DOI":"10.17226\/21295"},{"key":"1154_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health: Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/1780","DOI":"10.17226\/1780"},{"key":"1154_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sognnaes RF, Arnold FA, Jr., Hodge HC, Kline OL. The Problem of Providing Optimum Fluoride Intake for Prevention of Dental Caries; National Research Council: 1953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21041","DOI":"10.17226\/21041"},{"key":"1154_CR224","unstructured":"National Research Council. Public Policy Options for Better Dental Health: Report of a Study. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1980.\u00a0https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/20471\/public-policy-options-for-better-dental-health-report-of-a."},{"key":"1154_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Research Council. Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/2204","DOI":"10.17226\/2204"},{"key":"1154_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/5776","DOI":"10.17226\/5776"},{"key":"1154_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Review of the Revised NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/26030","DOI":"10.17226\/26030"},{"key":"1154_CR228","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Bernard M. Wagner, MD., Consultant. New Product (XDU). 1992. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=sfym0089"},{"key":"1154_CR229","unstructured":"RJR Tobacco. RJRT Contract No. 02\u2013773\u2013012. 2002. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=qrfh0024"},{"key":"1154_CR230","unstructured":"Nabisco. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nabisco (accessed July 21, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR231","unstructured":"R. J. Reynolds. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R._J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company (accessed June 16, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR232","unstructured":"Kasuga H. Health Effects of Smoking: Current Concepts; 1992. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/srjw0103"},{"key":"1154_CR233","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to CW Ehmann of RJR Tobacco Co. 1992. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=gsjw0103"},{"key":"1154_CR234","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Life-style, health, and politically correct science [annotated copy for RJR]. Mod Pathol. 1992;5(6):593\u2013594. https:\/\/industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=pffx0059"},{"key":"1154_CR235","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to D Doolittle of RJR Tobacco Co. 1993. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=jfym0089"},{"key":"1154_CR236","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to Robert DiMarco of RJR Tobacco Co. 1992. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=lgym0089"},{"key":"1154_CR237","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Draft letter from Bernard M Wagner to Tina Rojas, FAX copy to RJR Tobacco. 1993. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/ppky0102"},{"key":"1154_CR238","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to W Hayes of RJR Tobacco Co. 1991. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=ygym0089"},{"key":"1154_CR239","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to CW Ehmann: Potential role of foreign scientists in support of Prisms II. 1993. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=nrxp0102"},{"key":"1154_CR240","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to CW Ehmann of RJR Tobacco Co. 1993. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=mrxp0102"},{"key":"1154_CR241","unstructured":"Wagner BM. Letter to CW Ehmann of RJR Tobacco Co. 1994. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/tobacco\/docs\/#id=mhpv0079"},{"key":"1154_CR242","unstructured":"Kumar JV. Transcript of Zoom presentation by Jayanth Kumar to ASTDD (Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors) Fluorides Committee, held February 18, 2021. 2021."},{"key":"1154_CR243","unstructured":"Hileman B. EPA union\u2019s attempt to join lawsuit opposing fluoride standard was rebuffed, in: Fluoridation of water. Chem Eng News. 1988;66(31):35. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/articles\/union-lawsuit01\/"},{"issue":"31","key":"1154_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v066n031.p026","volume":"66","author":"B Hileman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hileman B. Fluoridation of water. Chem Eng News. 1988;66(31):26\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cen-v066n031.p026.","journal-title":"Chem Eng News"},{"key":"1154_CR245","unstructured":"Williams M. Talking Points: New Alliance\u2026. Washington Post. 1985. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/articles\/wpost-1985\/"},{"key":"1154_CR246","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC). Committee Membership: Toxicologic Risk of Fluoride in Drinking Water. 2003. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20031205121922\/http:\/www4.nas.edu\/webcr.nsf\/CommitteeDisplay\/BEST-K-02-05-A?OpenDocument"},{"key":"1154_CR247","unstructured":"Connett E. Comments submitted by Ellen Connett on Committee membership of NRC Fluoride Review. 2003. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20031020180829\/http:\/www.fluoridealert.org\/nrc-membership.htm"},{"key":"1154_CR248","unstructured":"Doull J. Curriculum Vitae, John Doull, Ph.D., M.D. 1993. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/docs\/#id=rnwg0218"},{"key":"1154_CR249","unstructured":"U. S. Government Accountability Office. FDA Should Strengthen Its Oversight of Food Ingredients Determined to Be Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); United States Government Accountability Office: 2010. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-10-246.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR250","unstructured":"American Council on Science and Health. Board of Scientific and Policy Advisors. 2003. Available online:\u00a0https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20030402000208\/http:\/\/www.acsh.org:80\/about\/advisors.html. 19 Dec 2023."},{"key":"1154_CR251","unstructured":"American Council on Science and Health. Board of Scientific and Policy Advisors. 2003. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20030621121124\/http:\/www.acsh.org\/about\/advisors.html (accessed December 20, 2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(94)00070-T","volume":"17","author":"PJ Mullenix","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mullenix PJ, Denbesten PK, Schunior A, Kernan WJ. Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995;17(2):169\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0892-0362(94)00070-T.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"1154_CR253","unstructured":"Weissenstein M. Battle over fluoridation gives rise to doubters. Las Vegas Review-Journal (NV). 2000:1. https:\/\/infoweb.newsbank.com\/apps\/news\/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news\/0FD3934A0EA073FA"},{"key":"1154_CR254","unstructured":"Mullenix P. Fluoride & The Brain: An Interview with Dr. Phyllis Mullenix by Paul Connett. 1997. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/content\/mullenix-interview\/"},{"key":"1154_CR255","unstructured":"Fluoride Action Network. Comments of Fluoride Action Network (FAN) on National Academies of Sciences committee DELS-BEST-19\u201301 membership [submitted Sept. 29, 2019]."},{"key":"1154_CR256","unstructured":"Burros M. Dental group is under fire for Coke deal. New York Times. 03\/04\/2003. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2003\/03\/04\/us\/dental-group-is-under-fire-for-coke-deal.html"},{"key":"1154_CR257","unstructured":"Jacobson MF, Heinaur C. Lifting the Veil of Secrecy: Corporate Support for Health and Environmental Professional Associations, Charities, and Industry Front Groups; Center for Science in the Public Interest: Washington, D.C., 2003.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cspi.org\/resource\/lifting-veil-secrecy."},{"key":"1154_CR258","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on Fluoride Therapy. 2012. https:\/\/www.aapd.org\/assets\/1\/7\/G_FluorideTherapy.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR259","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Fluoride Therapy. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. 2023. https:\/\/www.aapd.org\/globalassets\/media\/policies_guidelines\/bp_fluoridetherapy.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR260","unstructured":"Bryson C, Griffiths J. Christopher Bryson and Joel Griffiths Papers (1997\u20132010). 2014. http:\/\/scua.library.umass.edu\/bryson-christopher-1960\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02823-1","volume":"94","author":"A-l Seddek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seddek A-l, Fluoride GA. no evidence of developmental neurotoxicity due to current exposure levels in Europe. Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(7):2543\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-020-02823-1.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03072-6","volume":"95","author":"S Guth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guth S, H\u00fcser S, Roth A, Degen G, Diel P, Edlund K, et al. Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2021;95(7):2571\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-021-03072-6.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"1154_CR263","unstructured":"SourceWatch. Front groups. 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php\/Front_groups (accessed July 20, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR264","unstructured":"SourceWatch. International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI). 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php?title=International_Life_Sciences_Institute (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR265","unstructured":"Malkan S. International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) is a food industry lobby group. 2023. https:\/\/usrtk.org\/pesticides\/ilsi-is-a-food-industry-lobby-group\/"},{"key":"1154_CR266","unstructured":"Fluoride Action Network. TSCA Fluoride Trial. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/key-topics\/tsca-fluoride-lawsuit\/ (accessed July 21, 2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0551-x","volume":"18","author":"P Grandjean","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grandjean P. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review. Environ Health. 2019;18(1):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-019-0551-x.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"1154_CR268","unstructured":"SKLM (German Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety). This is what we know about the effect of fluoride on our bodies [Google Translate of German original]; SKLM: Oct. 20, 2020. https:\/\/www.dfg.de\/resource\/blob\/174728\/c9bbdd2d2dda75047b56849c58dc46ac\/sklm-2020-artikel-fluorid-data.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR269","unstructured":"IfADo (Leibniz Institute for Labor Research at the TU Dortmund). Fluoride exposure in Europe: No cause for concern [press release]. May 12. 2020. https:\/\/www-ifado-de.translate.goog\/de\/newsroom\/news\/fluorid-europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp"},{"key":"1154_CR270","unstructured":"Shepley GR, Cohlmia RA, American Dental Association. Re: NTP Monograph on the State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects: A Systematic Review. Letter to NTP. 2023. https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ntp\/about_ntp\/bsc\/2023\/may\/publiccomm\/shepley-cohlmia20230428_bsc_508.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR271","unstructured":"Johnson J, American Fluoridation Society. Hot Topics in Water Fluoridation - from Sea Level: What\u2019s Happening Now. Presentation for American Association of Community Dental Centers. 2020. https:\/\/www.aacdp.com\/meetings\/2020\/johnson.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR272","unstructured":"The British Fluoridation Society. Fluoridation and General Health; The British Fluoridation Society: 2020. https:\/\/bfsweb.org\/fluoridation-and-general-health\/"},{"key":"1154_CR273","unstructured":"Broze D. Internal CDC Emails Claim Assistant Secretary for Health Blocked Release of Fluoride Review. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.thelastamericanvagabond.com\/the-fluoride-emails (accessed May 15, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR274","unstructured":"Baletti B. Exclusive: NTP Scientific Director Tells The Defender What He Couldn\u2019t Tell the Court. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/news\/exclusive-ntp-scientific-director-tells-the-defender-what-he-couldnt-tell-the-court (accessed May 15, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR275","unstructured":"Baletti B. Report Linking Fluoride to Lower IQ in Children Made Public After CDC, HHS Tried to Block It. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/news\/report-linking-fluoride-to-lower-iq-in-children-made-public-after-cdc-hhs-tried-to-block-it (accessed May 15, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR276","unstructured":"Office of the Prime Minister\u2019s Chief Science Advisor. Fluoridation: an update on evidence. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.pmcsa.ac.nz\/topics\/fluoridation-an-update-on-evidence\/ (accessed July 24, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR277","unstructured":"Fluoride Free New Zealand. Chief Science Advisor Appears to Deliberately Mislead on Fluoride Science [webpage]. 2021. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridefree.org.nz\/8500-2\/ (accessed June 17, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR278","unstructured":"Fluoride Free New Zealand. Ministry of Health forums to promote fluoridation [webpage]. 2003. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridefree.org.nz\/ministry-health-forums-promote-fluoridation (accessed"},{"key":"1154_CR279","unstructured":"Fluoride Free New Zealand. Scientific and Critical Analysis of the 2014 New Zealand Fluoridation Report; Featherston, New Zealand, 2014; p 61. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/nz.critique.royal-soc.nov2014.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR280","unstructured":"Fluoride Free New Zealand. NZ Review [webpage]. 2014. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridefree.org.nz\/nz-review (accessed Dec. 5, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR281","unstructured":"Fluoride Free New Zealand. National Fluoridation Information Service [webpage]. 2014. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridefree.org.nz\/new-zealand-information\/national-fluoridation-information-service (accessed"},{"key":"1154_CR282","unstructured":"Fluoride Free Peel. CADTH (Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health). 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.fluoridefreepeel.ca\/cadth\/ (accessed June 21, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR283","unstructured":"Safe Water Calgary. Statement In Opposition To Artificial Water Fluoridation, Analysis and Science Review, A Refutation of the CADTH Report on Community Water Fluoridation of 2019; Calgary, Canada, July 17, 2019; p 29. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/calgary-statement-to-councillors.july-2019.pdf"},{"issue":"10","key":"1154_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075284","volume":"8","author":"SL Norris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norris SL, Holmer HK, Ogden LA, Burda BU, Fu R. Conflicts of interest among authors of clinical practice guidelines for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10): e75284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0075284.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1154_CR285","unstructured":"Grant K. How a little-known agency reveals the web of influence between patient advocates and Big Pharma. Globe and Mail. December 13, 2018. https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/canada\/investigations\/article-how-a-little-known-agency-reveals-the-web-of-influence-between-patient\/"},{"key":"1154_CR286","unstructured":"SourceWatch. Science Media Centre. 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php?title=Science_Media_Centre (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR287","unstructured":"Malkan S. Science Media Centre Promotes Corporate Views of Science. 2017. https:\/\/usrtk.org\/industry-pr\/science-media-centre\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5251","volume":"174","author":"C Till","year":"2020","unstructured":"Till C, Green R, Lanphear B. Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure and Child IQ\u2014Reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(2):216\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5251.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1154_CR289","unstructured":"Malkan S. Documents show how Monsanto and Bayer led attacks on scientists, journalists. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/usrtk.org\/monsanto\/attacks-on-scientists-journalists\/ (accessed July 20, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR290","unstructured":"Malkan S, Klein K, Lappe A. Merchants of Poison: How Monsanto Sold the World on a Toxic Pesticide: A Case Study in Disinformation, Corrupted Science, and Manufactured Doubt About Glyphosate; U.S. Right to Know; Friends of the Earth; Real Food Media: 2022. https:\/\/usrtk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Merchants_of_Poison_Report_final_120522.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR291","unstructured":"Matthews J. Smelling a corporate rat; Organic Campaigns: December 11, 2012. https:\/\/spinwatch.org\/index.php\/issues\/science\/item\/164"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2013.301857","volume":"105","author":"JM Broadbent","year":"2015","unstructured":"Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Ramrakha S, Moffitt TE, Zeng J, Foster Page LA, et al. Community water fluoridation and intelligence: Prospective study in New Zealand. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(1):72\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2013.301857.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1154_CR293","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. eFigure 2a Meta-analysis RoB (all studies). HAWC online database for NTP fluoride neurotoxicity review. 2024. https:\/\/hawcproject.org\/summary\/visual\/assessment\/405\/eFigure-2-Meta-analysis-RoB\/"},{"key":"1154_CR294","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Broadbent 2015: Risk of bias review. HAWC online database for NTP fluoride neurotoxicity review. 2024. https:\/\/hawcproject.org\/rob\/study\/264439\/"},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70121-8","volume":"13","author":"P Grandjean","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurodevelopmental toxicity: still more questions than answers \u2013 Authors\u2019 response. The Lancet Neurology. 2014;13(7):648\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70121-8.","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"1154_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi AL, Grandjean P, Sun G, Zhang Y. Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: Choi et al. Respond. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(3):A70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1206192R","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206192R"},{"key":"1154_CR297","unstructured":"Connett P. Whitewash Reviews: Part 1, New Zealand. 2014. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/content\/bulletin_08-27-14\/ (accessed June 21, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR298","unstructured":"Office of the Prime Minister\u2019s Chief Science Advisor, The Royal Society of New Zealand. Health effects of water fluoridation: A review of the scientific evidence; August 2014; p 77. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/nz-august2014.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR299","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program. Draft NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects; National Toxicology Program: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: September 6, 2019. https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019.ntp_.draft-fluoride-systematic-review.online-Oct-22.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2015.302918","volume":"106","author":"B Osmunson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osmunson B, Limeback H, Neurath C. Study incapable of detecting IQ loss from fluoride [letter]. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(2):212\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2015.302918.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1154_CR301","unstructured":"SKLM (German Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety). Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.dfg.de\/en\/dfg-profile\/statutory-bodies\/senate\/food-safety (accessed May 2, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR302","unstructured":"Toxicology 2015. 4th Global Summit on Toxicology, Eisenbrand Biography. In Proceedings of the Toxicology 2015, 2015; https:\/\/toxicology.global-summit.com\/ocm\/2015\/gerhard-eisenbrand-university-of-kaiserslautern-germany"},{"key":"1154_CR303","unstructured":"SKLM (German Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety). SKLM Symposium on New Challenges and Developments in Food\/Consumer Safety. 2017. https:\/\/www.dfg.de\/resource\/blob\/172992\/a8f6d3f850a7a2686dc843315b696de5\/s1-introduction-pablo-steinberg-data.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR304","unstructured":"SKLM (German Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety). DFG, German Research Foundation - Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.dfg.de\/en\/about-us\/statutory-bodies\/senate\/food-safety (accessed Dec. 29, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR305","unstructured":"Eisenbrand G. Declaration of Interests. 2012.\u00a0https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/scientific_committees\/consumer_safety\/docs\/doi_sccs_eisenbrand_en.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR306","unstructured":"Flavor Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States. About FEMA GRAS Program. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.femaflavor.org\/gras (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR307","unstructured":"Young C, Quin E. Food flavor safety system a \u2018black box\u2019. The Center for Public Integrity. 2015. https:\/\/publicintegrity.org\/politics\/food-flavor-safety-system-a-black-box\/"},{"key":"1154_CR308","unstructured":"Then C, Bauer-Panskus A. Schlecht beraten: Gentechnik-Lobbyisten dominieren Expertengremium - Schwere Interessenkonflikte beim Bundesinstitut f\u00fcr Risikobewertung (BfR) [Bad advice: genetic engineering lobbyists dominate expert panel - serious conflicts of interest at the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); German, with English summary]; May 2012; p 35. https:\/\/www.projektwerkstatt.de\/media\/text\/download_texte_cd_gentec_testbiotech_schlecht_beraten.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR309","unstructured":"ILSI. photo of Gerhard Eisenbrand speaking at ILSI Taiwan event. 2018. https:\/\/ilsi.org\/taiwan\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2018\/08\/15-0523-01-1024x683.jpg"},{"key":"1154_CR310","unstructured":"International Life Sciences Institute. 2015 Member and Supporting Companies; 2016. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20171007214526\/http:\/ilsi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Members.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR311","unstructured":"Corporate Accountability. Partnership for an unhealthy planet: How big business interferes with global health policy and science; Corporate Accountability: 2020. https:\/\/corporateaccountability.org\/resources\/partnership-for-an-unhealthy-planet\/"},{"key":"1154_CR312","unstructured":"SourceWatch. Health & Environmental Science Institute. 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.sourcewatch.org\/index.php?title=Health_%26_Environmental_Science_Institute (accessed July 25, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR313","unstructured":"Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI). Meet Our Team. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/hesiglobal.org\/hesi-staff\/ (accessed July 25, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR314","unstructured":"Wittenberg A. EPA hired consultants to counter staff experts on fluoride. E&E News. October 13, 2020. https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1063715813"},{"key":"1154_CR315","unstructured":"Fluoride Action Network. TSCA Fluoride Lawsuit. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/fluoridealert.org\/key-topics\/tsca-fluoride-lawsuit\/ (accessed July 21, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR316","unstructured":"Sass J. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, The Environmental Protection Agency Fiscal Year 2008 Research and Development Budget Proposal; testimony of Jennifer Sass, NRDC. US House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy and Environment. 2008. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/CHRG-110hhrg33802\/html\/CHRG-110hhrg33802.htm"},{"key":"1154_CR317","unstructured":"The Sugar Association. Meet Our Staff. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.sugar.org\/about\/staff\/ (accessed 12\/20\/2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR318","unstructured":"foodminds. foodminds website. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/foodminds.com\/ (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR319","unstructured":"Gaine PC. P. Courtney Gaine profile on ResearchGate. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/P-Gaine (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR320","unstructured":"Neslen A. Science institute that advised EU and UN 'actually industry lobby group\u2019. Guardian. June 3, 2019. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2019\/jun\/03\/science-institute-that-advised-eu-and-un-actually-industry-lobby-group"},{"key":"1154_CR321","unstructured":"US Right to Know. Guidelines are a real disaster. 2019. https:\/\/usrtk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/guidelines-are-a-real-disaster.pdf"},{"key":"1154_CR322","unstructured":"Gillam C. What is going on at the CDC? Health agency ethics need scrutiny. The Hill. 2016, 2023. https:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/pundits-blog\/healthcare\/293482-what-is-going-on-at-the-cdc-health-agency-ethics-need-scrutiny\/"},{"key":"1154_CR323","unstructured":"Boseley S. WHO 'infiltrated by food industry'. Guardian (UK). 01\/08\/2003. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk\/2003\/jan\/09\/foodanddrink"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-018-00158-x","volume":"40","author":"S Greenhalgh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greenhalgh S. Soda industry influence on obesity science and policy in China. J Public Health Policy. 2019;40(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41271-018-00158-x.","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"1154_CR325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5050","volume":"364","author":"S Greenhalgh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greenhalgh S. Making China safe for Coke: how Coca-Cola shaped obesity science and policy in China. BMJ. 2019;364: k5050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k5050.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-8802174","volume":"46","author":"S Greenhalgh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Greenhalgh S. Inside ILSI: How Coca-Cola, working through its scientific nonprofit, created a global science of exercise for obesity and got it embedded in Chinese policy (1995\u20132015). J Health Polit Policy Law. 2021;46(2):235\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-8802174.","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"key":"1154_CR327","unstructured":"Greenhalgh S. Soda Science: Making the World Safe for Coca-Cola. Kindle eBook ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press; 2024. https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/S\/bo221451790.html"},{"key":"1154_CR328","unstructured":"BfR German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. Alle Protokolle zum Thema Kommission f\u00fcr kosmetische Mittel [All meeting minutes for the Cosmetic Products Commission]. 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/suche\/protokoll\/#tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B%5D=topic:270 (accessed May 21, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR329","unstructured":"BfR German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. BfR website search results for \u201cEisenbrand\u201d. 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/en\/search\/#tx_solr%5Bq%5D=Eisenbrand&tx_solr%5Bsort%5D=relevance+desc (accessed May 21, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR330","unstructured":"BfR German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. Alle Protokolle zum Thema Kommission f\u00fcr Genetisch ver\u00e4nderte Lebens- und Futtermittel [All minutes relating to the Committee on Genetically Modified Food and Feed]. 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/suche\/protokoll\/#tx_solr%5Bfilter%5D%5B1%5D=topic%3A604 (accessed May 21, 2025)."},{"key":"1154_CR331","unstructured":"BfR German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment. The BfR Commissions: Independence and transparency. 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/en\/about-us\/institutions-at-the-bfr\/the-bfr-commissions\/#c4984 (accessed May 21, 2025)."},{"issue":"7","key":"1154_CR332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02800-8","volume":"94","author":"H Autrup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, et al. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity: how to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Arch Toxicol. 2020;94(7):2549\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-020-02800-8.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"1154_CR333","unstructured":"Heindel JJ. The dangers of opinion masquerading as fact in science journals: A call for unbiased, honest science in peer-reviewed journals. Environmental Health News. July 10, 2020. https:\/\/www.ehn.org\/science-journals-ethics-2646376512.html"},{"key":"1154_CR334","unstructured":"Horel S, Foucart S. Endocrine disruptors in Europe: Nineteen \"experts\" are polluting the debate. Environmental Health News. June 23, 2020. https:\/\/www.ehn.org\/european-parliament-endocrine-disruptors-2646227143.html"},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1853","volume":"154","author":"AC Gore","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gore AC. Editorial: An international riposte to naysayers of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocrinology. 2013;154(11):3955\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2013-1853.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1154_CR336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02482-x","volume":"93","author":"HM Bolt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolt HM, Hengstler JG. Satirical contributions in toxicology. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(6):1471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-019-02482-x.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"1154_CR337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Portant [psuedonym] IM, Sults [pseudonym] RE, Hengstler JG, Bolt H. Satirical contribution: Non-linear endocrine no-dose effects\u2014towards a new paradigm in toxicology. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(6):1773\u20131774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-019-02481-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02481-y"},{"key":"1154_CR338","unstructured":"Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration. EBTC Sponsors. 2012. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131225033659\/http:\/www.ebtox.com\/sponsors\/ (accessed 2 Sept 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR339","unstructured":"Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration. Steering Committee of EBTC. 2013. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131225033722\/http:\/\/www.ebtox.com\/steering-committee\/ (accessed 2 Sept 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR340","unstructured":"Evidence-based Toxicololgy Collaboration. Recent Workshop Evidence-based Toxicology for the 21st Century: Opportunities and Challenges U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina January 24\u201325, 2012. 2012. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130615144357\/http:\/www.ebtox.com\/workshop.html (accessed June 11, 2024)."},{"key":"1154_CR341","unstructured":"Rust S. New BPA report linked to industry. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 04\/27\/2011. https:\/\/archive.jsonline.com\/watchdog\/120827289.html\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(94)90042-6","volume":"321","author":"F Oesch","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oesch F, Hengstler JG, Fuchs J. Cigarette smoking protects mononuclear blood cells of carcinogen exposed workers from additional work exposure-induced DNA single strand breaks. Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology. 1994;321(3):175\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1218(94)90042-6.","journal-title":"Mutation Research\/Genetic Toxicology"},{"key":"1154_CR343","unstructured":"Phillip Morris USA. Philip Morris USA External Research Program Monitor Evaluation \/ Amendment Request. Development and application of an in vitro system for detection and quantitation of urothelial genotoxicity of tobacco smoke-specific constituents utilizing classical genotoxic endpoints and cDNA expression profiling. 2003. https:\/\/www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu\/all-industries\/documents\/viewer\/?iid=frjx0179&id=frjx0179&db-set=documents&industry=all-industries&rtool=metadata."},{"key":"1154_CR344","unstructured":"Bauer-Panskus A, Then C. Bewertung der GRACE-Publikation \u201eNinetyday oral toxicity studies on two genetically modified maize MON810 varieties in Wistar Han RCC rats (EU 7th Framework Programme project GRACE\u201c; [Assessment of the GRACE publication \u201cNinetyday oral toxicity studies on two genetically modified maize MON810 varieties in Wistar Han RCC rats (EU 7th Framework Programme project GRACE\u201d]; TESTBIOTECH Hintergrund [Background] 7 - 11 - 2014; November 7, 2014. https:\/\/www.testbiotech.org\/en\/publikation\/bewertung-der-grace-publikation-ninety-day-oral-toxicity-studies-two-genetically-modified\/"},{"key":"1154_CR345","unstructured":"LobbyFacts.eu. EU Transparency Register data. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.lobbyfacts.eu\/search-all (accessed July 25, 2023)."},{"key":"1154_CR346","unstructured":"LobbyFacts.eu. Corporate Europe Observatory and LobbyControl data card for European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC). 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.lobbyfacts.eu\/datacard\/european-chemical-industry-council?rid=64879142323-90#data-card-data-info (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.004","volume":"151","author":"HM Bolt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bolt HM, Foth H, Hengstler JG, Degen GH. Carcinogenicity categorization of chemicals\u2014new aspects to be considered in a European perspective. Toxicol Lett. 2004;151(1):29\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.04.004.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"1154_CR348","unstructured":"Corporate Europe Observatory. Leaked industry slides reveal insights on the chemical industry\u2019s lobbying strategy: Will EU countries accept DG Health\u2019s flawed proposal on hormone disruptors regulation?; Corporate Europe Observatory: July 25, 2023. https:\/\/corporateeurope.org\/en\/food-and-agriculture\/2017\/05\/leaked-industry-slides-reveal-insights-chemical-industry-lobbying"},{"key":"1154_CR349","unstructured":"IfADo. Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Jan G. Hengstler. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifado.de\/de\/forschung\/toxikologie\/team\/jan-g-hengstler. Accessed 1 Jul 2025."},{"key":"1154_CR350","unstructured":"IfADo. Univ.-Prof. em. Dr. med. Dr. rer. nat. Hermann M. Bolt. 2023. Available online:\u00a0https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230601190707\/https:\/\/www.ifado.de\/toxicology\/staff-2\/hermann-bolt. Accessed 25 Jul 2023."},{"key":"1154_CR351","unstructured":"Bolt H. Present state of benzene-induced occupational disease in Germany. Presentation at Semin\u00e1rio Nacional do Benzeno. 2012. https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/radarrt\/06-hermann-bolt-15577687"},{"key":"1154_CR352","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Arbeit und Soziales [German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs]. Berufskrankheiten-Liste, Merkbl\u00e4tter und wissenschaftliche Begr\u00fcndungen [List of occupational diseases, information sheets and scientific justifications.]. 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmas.de\/DE\/Soziales\/Gesetzliche-Unfallversicherung\/liste-der-berufskrankheiten.html and https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Themen\/Praevention\/Koerperliche-Gesundheit\/Berufskrankheiten\/Dokumente.html?pos=1 and https:\/\/www.baua.de\/DE\/Themen\/Praevention\/Koerperliche-Gesundheit\/Berufskrankheiten\/Dokumente.html (accessed July 18, 2024)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5266","volume":"174","author":"CV Howard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howard CV, Micklem HS, Neurath C. Association between maternal fluoride exposure and child IQ. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(2):215\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5266.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1154_CR354","unstructured":"Denworth L. Toxic Truth. Boston: Beacon Press; 2008. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/toxictruthscient00denw_0"},{"key":"1154_CR355","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Corporate Ties That Bind: An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health","author":"D Egilman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egilman D, Bohme SR, Menendez LM, Zorabedian J. The Basis of Bad Science. In: Walker MJ, editor. Corporate Ties That Bind: An Examination of Corporate Manipulation and Vested Interest in Public Health. New York: Skyhorse Publishing; 2017. p. 41\u201368."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:44:17Z","timestamp":1781880257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":355,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01154-x","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31219\/osf.io\/yskz9","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original article has been updated: Reference 343 broken link has been updated to a working link.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Figure\u00a0\n                      \n                      image source is Hegsted (2004) [\n                      \n                      ]; used with permission of Elsevier,\n                      \n                      . The rights to this image are excluded from the Creative Commons CC-BY license. Figure\u00a0\n                      \n                      is used with permission of Corporate Accountability for this redrawn version of a graphic image originally published in their 2022 report \u201cPartnership for an unhealthy planet\u201d [\n                      \n                      ] (p. 5).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author is employed by the American Environmental Health Studies Project (AEHSP), which has the subproject Fluoride Action Network (FAN), one of which\u2019s goals is to \u201cProtect public health from involuntary exposures to fluoride through education and advocacy\u201d. FAN was a plaintiff in a recent lawsuit to compel the EPA to regulate fluoridation to prevent unreasonable risk of neurotoxicity.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"62"}}