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Different kinds of inequalities, determined by age, sex\/gender, isolation, socio-economic status, occupation, living in the city, and health situation, create vulnerability factors influencing people\u2019s heat-related mortality risk and their daily experiences during summer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study uses an interdisciplinary approach to research how intersecting inequalities generate vulnerabilities to heat stress among older adults (65+) in two European cities: Warsaw and Madrid. We combine three methodological approaches juxtaposing quantitative and qualitative data: (1) epidemiological analysis that uses daily mortality data in Warsaw and Madrid coupled with meteorological station temperature data from HadISD; (2) the OLS regression based on the survey conducted in Warsaw and Madrid in 2022; and (3) the focus group interviews conducted in Warsaw in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data confirms that good health and financial situation protect people both from mortality risk and negative heat experiences. Interestingly, both air conditioning (A\/C) usage and being physically active increase the negative heat experiences people reported. Finally, we identified two\n                      <jats:italic>vulnerability paradoxes<\/jats:italic>\n                      understood as situations when a person or a group might be more at risk but not experience or perceive negative impacts of heat. These paradoxes affect the oldest adults (80+) and older people living alone in both cities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies on vulnerability and adaptation need to incorporate both large scale top-down data sets and bottom-up, localized data based on individual experience. Combining various methods and disciplinary approaches enables identification of inequality factors and vulnerability paradoxes that remain unnoticed or underestimated while increasing people\u2019s vulnerability to heat stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01179-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T09:39:46Z","timestamp":1745660386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["From inequalities to vulnerability paradoxes: juxtaposing older adults\u2019 heat mortality risk and heat experiences"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wrotek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Marginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franciszek","family":"Chwa\u0142czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Vicedo-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Jancewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1179_CR1","unstructured":"EEA. 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Regarding focus groups, the research received approval from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Participants at Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna\u0144 (decision no 6\/2020\/2021). All the participants, who are pseudonymized in the article, provided written consent and were informed about the possibility to withdraw their consent and participation from the research at any time.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}