{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T06:23:54Z","timestamp":1785047034914,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Discipline Program of the Tianjin Health Commission Science and Technology Program","award":["TJWJ2023XK029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJWJ2023XK029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T08:32:59Z","timestamp":1750062779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Environmental exposure to mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Northeast China: exploring links to nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","volume":"7","author":"RC Buck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011;7(4):513\u201341.","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"1194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126223","volume":"344","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Sarkar D, Biswas JK, Datta R. Biodegradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review. Bioresour Technol. 2022;344:126223. Pt B).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"1194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105244","volume":"134","author":"S Poothong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poothong S, Papadopoulou E, Padilla-S\u00e1nchez JA, Thomsen C, Haug LS. Multiple pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): from external exposure to human blood. Environ Int. 2020;134:105244.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1194_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108648","volume":"177","author":"JL Domingo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Domingo JL, Nadal M. Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water: A review of the recent scientific literature. Environ Res. 2019;177:108648.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"1194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7954","DOI":"10.1021\/es2011622","volume":"45","author":"AB Lindstrom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Libelo EL. Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45(19):7954\u201361.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1194_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108614","volume":"186","author":"J Reinikainen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reinikainen J, Bouhoulle E, Sorvari J. Inconsistencies in the EU regulatory risk assessment of PFAS call for readjustment. Environ Int. 2024;186:108614.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"21","key":"1194_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11142","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111142","volume":"18","author":"B Langenbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langenbach B, Wilson M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): significance and considerations within the regulatory framework of the USA. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11142.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151535","volume":"816","author":"JL Sims","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sims JL, Stroski KM, Kim S, Killeen G, Ehalt R, Simcik MF, et al. Global occurrence and probabilistic environmental health hazard assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface waters. Sci Total Environ. 2022;816:151535.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1194_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119620","volume":"308","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Qian J, Huang S, Li Q, Guo L, Zeng J, et al. Occurrence, distribution, and input pathways of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in soils near different sources in Shanghai. Environ Pollut. 2022;308:119620.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"22","key":"1194_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13388","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03299","volume":"51","author":"S Poothong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poothong S, Thomsen C, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Papadopoulou E, Haug LS. Distribution of novel and Well-Known Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum, plasma, and whole blood. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(22):13388\u201396.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3725-7","volume":"22","author":"T Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang T, Sun H, Qin X, Gan Z, Kannan K. PFOS and PFOA in paired urine and blood from general adults and pregnant women: assessment of urinary elimination. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015;22(7):5572\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"1194_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06978","volume":"55","author":"G Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng G, Schreder E, Dempsey JC, Uding N, Chu V, Andres G, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk: concerning trends for Current-Use PFAS. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(11):7510\u201320.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1194_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm128","volume":"99","author":"C Lau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Seed J. Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci. 2007;99(2):366\u201394.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1194_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114557","volume":"264","author":"R Aimuzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aimuzi R, Luo K, Huang R, Huo X, Nian M, Ouyang F, et al. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy. Environ Pollut. 2020;264:114557.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1194_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147476","volume":"787","author":"Y Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan Y, Sun H, Yao Y, Li Y, Meng Y, Lu Y, et al. Serum concentrations of per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances and risk of type 2 diabetes: A case-control study. Sci Total Environ. 2021;787:147476.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1194_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110690","volume":"194","author":"K Steenland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steenland K, Winquist A. PFAS and cancer, a scoping review of the epidemiologic evidence. Environ Res. 2021;194:110690.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1194_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0898","volume":"319","author":"C Durante","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durante C, Grani G, Lamartina L, Filetti S, Mandel SJ, Cooper DS. The diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: A review. JAMA. 2018;319(9):914\u201324.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"1194_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa322","volume":"105","author":"G Grani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grani G, Sponziello M, Pecce V, Ramundo V, Durante C. Contemporary thyroid nodule evaluation and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(9):2869\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1194_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5129","volume":"9","author":"B Gao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gao B, Tian W, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang S, et al. Peri-operative treatment of giant nodular goiter. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(9):778\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040442","volume":"13","author":"H Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang H, Tian Y, Yan W, Kong Y, Wang H, Wang A, et al. The prevalence of thyroid nodules and an analysis of related lifestyle factors in Beijing communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(4):442.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220027","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0027","volume":"11","author":"M Grussendorf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grussendorf M, Ruschenburg I, Brabant G. Malignancy rates in thyroid nodules: a long-term cohort study of 17,592 patients. Eur Thyroid J. 2022;11(4):e220027.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","volume":"26","author":"BR Haugen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid Cancer. Thyroid: Official J Am Thyroid Association. 2016;26(1):1\u2013133.","journal-title":"Thyroid: Official J Am Thyroid Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00035-3","volume":"10","author":"M Pizzato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pizzato M, Li M, Vignat J, Laversanne M, Singh D, La Vecchia C, et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(4):264\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10387","key":"1194_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00020-X","volume":"401","author":"DW Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen DW, Lang BHH, McLeod DSA, Newbold K, Haymart MR. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2023;401(10387):1531\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1194_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"1194_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01702","volume":"10","author":"L Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du L, Zhao Z, Zheng R, Li H, Zhang S, Li R, et al. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer: incidence and mortality in china, 2015. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1702.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02207-6","volume":"68","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Yu F, Shang Y, Ping Z, Liu L. Thyroid cancer: incidence and mortality trends in china, 2005\u20132015. Endocrine. 2020;68(1):163\u201373.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1194_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iglesias ML, Schmidt A, Ghuzlan AA, Lacroix L, Vathaire F d, Chevillard S, et al. Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer: a review. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(2):180\u20137.","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000257"},{"issue":"7","key":"1194_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3529","volume":"102","author":"JH Lubin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lubin JH, Adams MJ, Shore R, Holmberg E, Schneider AB, Hawkins MM, et al. Thyroid Cancer following childhood Low-Dose radiation exposure: A pooled analysis of nine cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(7):2575\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9327-6","volume":"16","author":"S Benvenga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Vita R. Thyroid nodules and thyroid autoimmunity in the context of environmental pollution. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2015;16(4):319\u201340.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"1194_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612320","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.612320","volume":"11","author":"F Coperchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coperchini F, Croce L, Ricci G, Magri F, Rotondi M, Imbriani M, et al. Thyroid disrupting effects of old and new generation PFAS. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:612320.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1194_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.015","volume":"235","author":"S Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang S, Guo X, Lu S, Sang N, Li G, Xie P, et al. Exposure to PFDoA causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae. Environ Pollut. 2018;235:974\u201382.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1194_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119340","volume":"305","author":"N Davidsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davidsen N, Ramh\u00f8j L, Lykkebo CA, Kugathas I, Poulsen R, Rosenmai AK, et al. PFOS-induced thyroid hormone system disrupted rats display organ-specific changes in their transcriptomes. Environ Pollut. 2022;305:119340.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/68.1.249","volume":"68","author":"AM Seacat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seacat AM, Thomford PJ, Hansen KJ, Olsen GW, Case MT, Butenhoff JL. Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Sci. 2002;68(1):249\u201364.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1194_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114778","volume":"264","author":"F Coperchini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coperchini F, Croce L, Denegri M, Pignatti P, Agozzino M, Netti GS, et al. Adverse effects of in vitro GenX exposure on rat thyroid cell viability, DNA integrity and thyroid-related genes expression. Environ Pollut. 2020;264:114778.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1194_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.03.007","volume":"45","author":"K Ji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ji K, Kim S, Kho Y, Paek D, Sakong J, Ha J, et al. Serum concentrations of major perfluorinated compounds among the general population in korea: dietary sources and potential impact on thyroid hormones. Environ Int. 2012;45:78\u201385.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"1194_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409589","volume":"124","author":"GM Webster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Webster GM, Rauch SA, Marie NS, Mattman A, Lanphear BP, Venners SA. Cross-Sectional associations of serum perfluoroalkyl acids and thyroid hormones in U.S. Adults: variation according to TPOAb and iodine status (NHANES 2007\u20132008). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(7):935\u201342.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1194_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2024.07.910","volume":"399","author":"M van Gerwen","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Gerwen M, Chung T, Monaghan M, Vermeulen R, Petrick L, Leung AM. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Lett. 2024;399:52\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"1194_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6144","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02850","volume":"56","author":"M Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu M, Zhang G, Meng L, Han X, Li Y, Shi Y, et al. Associations between novel and legacy Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum and thyroid cancer: A case and healthy population in Shandong province, East China. Environ Sci Technol. 2022;56(10):6144\u201351.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1194_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139411","volume":"337","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Yang M, Yang J, Seery S, Ma C, Liu Y, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the associated thyroid cancer risk: A case-control study in China. Chemosphere. 2023;337:139411.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"1194_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00601-6","volume":"33","author":"AL Cathey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cathey AL, Nguyen VK, Colacino JA, Woodruff TJ, Reynolds P, Aung MT. Exploratory profiles of phenols, parabens, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances among NHANES study participants in association with previous cancer diagnoses. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2023;33(5):687\u201398.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09707-3","volume":"33","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA, Ghossein RA, Juhlin CC, Jung CK, et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Pathol. 2022;33(1):27\u201363.","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"1194_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.05.024","volume":"192","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim D-H, Lee M-Y, Oh J-E. Perfluorinated compounds in serum and urine samples from children aged 5\u201313 years in South Korea. Environ Pollut. 2014;192:171\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1194_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.287","volume":"667","author":"N Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu N, Cai D, Guo M, Li M, Li X. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds in saleswomen\u2019s urine linked to indoor dust in clothing shops. Sci Total Environ. 2019;667:594\u2013600.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1194_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","volume":"8","author":"I Shrier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shrier I, Platt RW. Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:70.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1194_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502761016502","volume":"12","author":"N Knudsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Perrild H, B\u00fclow I, Ovesen L, J\u00f8rgensen T. Risk factors for goiter and thyroid nodules. Thyroid. 2002;12(10):879\u201388.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1194_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939367","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.939367","volume":"13","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu F, Zhang X. Hypertension and obesity: risk factors for thyroid disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:939367.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1194_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0308","volume":"24","author":"B Guay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guay B, Johnson-Obaseki S, McDonald JT, Connell C, Corsten M. Incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer by socioeconomic status and urban residence: Canada 1991\u20132006. Thyroid. 2014;24(3):552\u20135.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1194_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan Z, Li Y, Dong X, Kang Y, Luo J, Wang J et al. Influence of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors on thyroid nodules in Chinese adult men: a cross-sectional study. Eur Thyroid J. 2023;12(6).","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0168"},{"issue":"5","key":"1194_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11606","volume":"131","author":"SD Mitro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitro SD, Sundaram R, Buck Louis GM, Peddada S, Chen Z, Kannan K, et al. Associations of pregnancy Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and uterine fibroid changes across pregnancy: NICHD fetal growth Studies - Singletons cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(5):57007.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0630-7","volume":"19","author":"NC Brownstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brownstein NC, Cai J. Tests of trend between disease outcomes and ordinal covariates discretized from underlying continuous variables: simulation studies and applications to NHANES 2007\u20132008. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):2.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1194_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058","volume":"16","author":"JF Bobb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bobb JF, Valeri L, Claus Henn B, Christiani DC, Wright RO, Mazumdar M, et al. Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Biostatistics. 2015;16(3):493\u2013508.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0413-y","volume":"17","author":"JF Bobb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bobb JF, Claus Henn B, Valeri L, Coull BA. Statistical software for analyzing the health effects of multiple concurrent exposures via bayesian kernel machine regression. Environ Health. 2018;17(1):67.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","volume":"128","author":"AP Keil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keil AP, Buckley JP, O\u2019Brien KM, Ferguson KK, Zhao S, White AJ. A Quantile-Based g-Computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(4):47004.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1194_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117743","volume":"242","author":"I Rosato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosato I, Bonato T, Fletcher T, Batzella E, Canova C. Estimation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) half-lives in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 2024;242:117743.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1194_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1021\/es4057467","volume":"48","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Shi Y, Vestergren R, Wang T, Liang Y, Cai Y. Highly elevated serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in fishery employees from Tangxun lake, China. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(7):3864\u201374.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1194_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.02.017","volume":"248","author":"D-H Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim D-H, Lee J-H, Oh J-E. Perfluoroalkyl acids in paired serum, urine, and hair samples: correlations with demographic factors and dietary habits. Environ Pollut. 2019;248:175\u201382.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1194_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106963","volume":"158","author":"L Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng L, Xu W, Zeng Q, Sun F, Guo Y, Zhong S, et al. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in waste recycling workers: distributions in paired human serum and urine. Environ Int. 2022;158:106963.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"18","key":"1194_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10619","DOI":"10.1021\/es401905e","volume":"47","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Beesoon S, Zhu L, Martin JW. Biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl acids in human urine and estimates of biological half-life. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(18):10619\u201327.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1194_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.06.007","volume":"106","author":"RR Worley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Worley RR, Moore SM, Tierney BC, Ye X, Calafat AM, Campbell S, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum and urine samples from a residentially exposed community. Environ Int. 2017;106:135\u201343.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1194_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863022210767","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302221076707","volume":"16","author":"MF Messmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Messmer MF, Salloway J, Shara N, Locwin B, Harvey MW, Traviss N. Risk of Cancer in a community exposed to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl substances. Environ Health Insights. 2022;16:11786302221076707.","journal-title":"Environ Health Insights"},{"key":"1194_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104831","volume":"97","author":"M van Gerwen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Gerwen M, Colicino E, Guan H, Dolios G, Nadkarni GN, Vermeulen RCH, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer risk. EBioMedicine. 2023;97:104831.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1194_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205829","volume":"121","author":"VM Vieira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vieira VM, Hoffman K, Shin H-M, Weinberg JM, Webster TF, Fletcher T. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and cancer outcomes in a contaminated community: a geographic analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(3):318\u201323.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1194_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106637","volume":"156","author":"X Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han X, Meng L, Zhang G, Li Y, Shi Y, Zhang Q, et al. Exposure to novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and associations with type 2 diabetes: A case-control study in East China. Environ Int. 2021;156:106637.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1194_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124863","volume":"407","author":"AF Ojo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ojo AF, Peng C, Ng JC. Assessing the human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A need for greater focus on their interactions as mixtures. J Hazard Mater. 2021;407:124863.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.10.014","volume":"33","author":"JE Klaunig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klaunig JE, Hocevar BA, Kamendulis LM. Mode of action analysis of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) tumorigenicity and human relevance. Reproductive Toxicol (Elmsford NY). 2012;33(4):410\u20138.","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicol (Elmsford NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1194_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13152","volume":"132","author":"E Batzella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Batzella E, Rosato I, Pitter G, Da Re F, Russo F, Canova C, et al. Determinants of PFOA serum Half-Life after end of exposure: A longitudinal study on highly exposed subjects in the Veneto region. Environ Health Perspect. 2024;132(2):27002.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1194_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessl A, Lemmens-Gruber R, Kautzky-Willer A. Thyroid disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012(214):361\u201386.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30726-3_17"},{"issue":"2","key":"1194_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0319","volume":"26","author":"CM Kitahara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kitahara CM, McCullough ML, Franceschi S, Rinaldi S, Wolk A, Neta G, et al. Anthropometric factors and thyroid Cancer risk by histological subtype: pooled analysis of 22 prospective studies. Thyroid. 2016;26(2):306\u201318.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2015.310","volume":"49","author":"S-K Myung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Myung S-K, Lee CW, Lee J, Kim J, Kim HS. Risk factors for thyroid cancer: A Hospital-Based Case-Control study in Korean adults. Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):70\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"1194_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110922","volume":"515","author":"A Conti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conti A, Strazzeri C, Rhoden KJ. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, a persistent organic pollutant, inhibits iodide accumulation by thyroid follicular cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020;515:110922.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"1194_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117372","volume":"239","author":"Y Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du Y, Chen C, Zhou G, Cai Z, Man Q, Liu B, et al. Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts thyroid-specific genes expression and regulation via the TSH-TSHR signaling pathway in thyroid cells. Environ Res. 2023;239(Pt 1):117372.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1194_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37932-1","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Cheng R. TPO as an indicator of lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):10848.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1194_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106745","volume":"156","author":"S Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang S, Chen K, Li W, Chai Y, Zhu J, Chu B, et al. Varied thyroid disrupting effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its novel alternatives hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (GenX) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA) in vitro. Environ Int. 2021;156:106745.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"1194_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3801002","volume":"21","author":"D Nonaka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nonaka D, Tang Y, Chiriboga L, Rivera M, Ghossein R. Diagnostic utility of thyroid transcription factors Pax8 and TTF-2 (FoxE1) in thyroid epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathology: Official J United States Can Acad Pathol Inc. 2008;21(2):192\u2013200.","journal-title":"Mod Pathology: Official J United States Can Acad Pathol Inc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1194_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2006.01959.x","volume":"56","author":"P Zhang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zuo H, Nakamura Y, Nakamura M, Wakasa T, Kakudo K. Immunohistochemical analysis of thyroid-specific transcription factors in thyroid tumors. Pathol Int. 2006;56(5):240\u20135.","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"23","key":"1194_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63522","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26797-6","volume":"30","author":"F Coperchini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coperchini F, De Marco G, Croce L, Denegri M, Greco A, Magri F, et al. PFOA, PFHxA and C6O4 differently modulate the expression of CXCL8 in normal thyroid cells and in thyroid cancer cell lines. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(23):63522\u201334.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1194_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00314","volume":"9","author":"M Rotondi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rotondi M, Coperchini F, Latrofa F, Chiovato L. Role of chemokines in thyroid Cancer microenvironment: is CXCL8 the main player?? Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:314.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1194_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0352","volume":"26","author":"A Kowalska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kowalska A, Walczyk A, Kowalik A, Pa\u0142yga I, Trybek T, Kopczy\u0144ski J, et al. Increase in papillary thyroid Cancer incidence is accompanied by changes in the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation: A Single-Institution study. Thyroid: Official J Am Thyroid Association. 2016;26(4):543\u201351.","journal-title":"Thyroid: Official J Am Thyroid Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"1194_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E276","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2503","volume":"99","author":"CK Jung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jung CK, Little MP, Lubin JH, Brenner AV, Wells SA, Sigurdson AJ, et al. The increase in thyroid cancer incidence during the last four decades is accompanied by a high frequency of BRAF mutations and a Sharp increase in RAS mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(2):E276\u201385.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"1194_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1758","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1269","volume":"97","author":"C Romei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Romei C, Fugazzola L, Puxeddu E, Frasca F, Viola D, Muzza M, et al. Modifications in the papillary thyroid cancer gene profile over the last 15 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):E1758\u201365.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1194_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2007.00471.x","volume":"40","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zeng Q, Chen GG, Vlantis AC, van Hasselt CA. Oestrogen mediates the growth of human thyroid carcinoma cells via an oestrogen receptor-ERK pathway. Cell Prolif. 2007;40(6):921\u201335.","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"1194_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022650","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1022650","volume":"9","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang F, Li Q, Feng C, Teng W. Iodine nutrition and papillary thyroid cancer. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1022650.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1194_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12321","volume":"16","author":"D Schmid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmid D, Ricci C, Behrens G, Leitzmann MF. Adiposity and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Reviews: Official J Int Association Study Obes. 2015;16(12):1042\u201354.","journal-title":"Obes Reviews: Official J Int Association Study Obes"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:02:57Z","timestamp":1750068177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ehjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-025-01194-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol of this study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (Approval No.EC-2017-KS-041). All subjects were informed of the purpose of the study and signed an informed consent form prior to the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"38"}}