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hazards; potent carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agents that contaminates corn and other crops. A high proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma cases are caused by exposure to dietary aflatoxins. Cervical cancer is common among Ugandan women; this malignancy is caused by persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types. An analysis was performed to examine associations between plasma aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) detection and oncogenic HPV detection (HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) and persistence among Ugandan women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ugandan women were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Annual cervical swabs (Enrollment, Month 12 and Month 24) were tested for oncogenic HPV. Plasma AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> concentration was measured (as AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lysine conjugate, or AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lys) at Enrollment and Month 12. Multivariable regression models were fitted to examine associations of plasma AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lys concentrations and oncogenic HPV controlling for demographic and behavioral characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The analytical sample consisted of 114 women with a mean age of 33.2 years; 60 women were living with HIV; 59 were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at enrollment. AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lysine adducts (AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lys) was detected in plasma from all 114 women. Multivariable regression models showed that plasma AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lys concentration was associated with a higher risk of detection of HPV 16 (OR\u2009=\u20092.64, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.42\u20134.90, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and HPV 18 (OR\u2009=\u20092.24, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.27\u20133.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and persistence of HPV 16 (OR\u2009=\u20093.16, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.59\u20136.26, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and HPV 18 (OR\u2009=\u20092.06, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.09\u20133.90, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025), controlling for age, marital status, years of education, home ownership, distance to health care, number of lifetime sex partners, age of first sex, and HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> is an environmental hazard that is prevalent among Ugandan women. Higher plasma AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>-lys concentration was associated with detection and persistence of HPV 16 and HPV 18; this association was independent of HIV status. As a result, these women may be at increased risk of cervical cancer. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01197-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T19:39:02Z","timestamp":1751917142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Higher plasma AFB1 concentration is associated with increased risk of HPV 16 and HPV 18 detection and persistence among Ugandan women"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Nakalembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Mpamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Nakisige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Namugga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Banturaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philiph","family":"Tonui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omenge","family":"Orang\u2019o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapten","family":"Muthoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Ngeresa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Groopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Ermel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Musick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Loehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darron R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33795","volume":"127","author":"S Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin S, Gao K, Gu S, et al. 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