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This study examines hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in a cohort of oil spill cleanup workers up to 6 years post-exposure in relation to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) exposures, individually and as a mixture, as well as a separate estimation of the aggregate sum of BTEX (total BTEX).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data for this analysis are from the Gulf Long-term Follow-up (GuLF) Study\u2013 a prospective cohort of workers involved in the 2010\n                      <jats:italic>Deepwater Horizon<\/jats:italic>\n                      oil spill cleanup. HbA1c and medication information were obtained at Home Visit and Clinical Exam phases 1\u20133 years and up to 6 years post-exposure, respectively. Cumulative inhalation exposure to the individual BTEX chemicals and to total BTEX were estimated using a job-exposure matrix linking air measurements to detailed individual worker cleanup work histories. We used Tobit regression models to examine associations between exposure to the chemicals and latent, untreated HbA1c, accounting for medication-reduced HbA1c. We used quantile g-computation to examine exposure to the mixture of BTEX chemicals and HbA1c.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In results examining Home Visit HbA1c we observed no discernable patterns but found suggestive evidence of an association with total BTEX. In results for Clinical Exam HbA1c, we did not observe monotonic patterns, but rather an inverted-U pattern with elevations in Q2 or Q3 or no clear pattern. Similarly, in results for final HbA1c adjusting for initial HbA1c, total BTEX difference estimates showed an inverted-U pattern in point estimates across Q2 (0.24 95%CI (0.14, 0.34)), Q3 (0.13 95%CI (0.03, 0.24)), and Q4 (0.00 95% CI (-0.11, 0.10)), compared to Q1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposures to the moderate levels of the BTEX chemicals observed in this study population, individually and as an aggregate, may be associated with elevated HbA1c up to 6 years after exposure, with an inverted-U pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01211-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:18:55Z","timestamp":1758878335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prospective study of oil spill cleanup-related exposure to volatile organic compounds and glycemic dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hanna V.","family":"Jardel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Stenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Christenbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale P.","family":"Sandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1211_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1521","volume":"30","author":"F Aguilera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aguilera F, M\u00e9ndez J, P\u00e1saro E, Laffon B. 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