{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:48:09Z","timestamp":1787330889159,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH) research grants"},{"name":"NIH Center grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T09:47:10Z","timestamp":1769420830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and preterm birth in the Atlanta African American maternal-child cohort"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Youran","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Sarnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Huels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Ekenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armistead","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Marsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.007","volume":"118","author":"E Abraham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abraham E, Rousseaux S, Agier L, Giorgis-Allemand L, Tost J, Galineau J, et al. Pregnancy exposure to atmospheric pollution and meteorological conditions and placental DNA methylation. Environ Int. 2018;118:334\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.007.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1264_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AIUM-ACR-ACOG-SMFM-SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of Standard Diagnostic Obstetric Ultrasound Examinations. J Ultrasound Med. 2018;37(11):E13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.14831.","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14831"},{"key":"1264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.09.008","volume":"39","author":"BL Alman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alman BL, Stingone JA, Yazdy M, Botto LD, Desrosiers TA, Pruitt S, et al. Associations between PM(2.5) and risk of preterm birth among liveborn infants. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;39:46-53.e42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.09.008.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"1264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.06.008","volume":"109","author":"JT Bates","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bates JT, Pennington AF, Zhai X, Friberg MD, Metcalf F, Darrow L, et al. Application and evaluation of two model fusion approaches to obtain ambient air pollutant concentrations at a fine spatial resolution (250m) in Atlanta. Environ Model Softw. 2018;109:182\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.06.008.","journal-title":"Environ Model Softw"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2","volume":"10 Suppl 1","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blencowe H, Cousens S, Chou D, Oestergaard M, Say L, Moller AB, et al. Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reprod Health. 2013;10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"1264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-42","volume":"14","author":"B Bonevski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bonevski B, Randell M, Paul C, Chapman K, Twyman L, Bryant J, et al. Reaching the hard-to-reach: a systematic review of strategies for improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-14-42.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","volume":"10","author":"H Bove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bove H, Bongaerts E, Slenders E, Bijnens EM, Saenen ND, Gyselaers W, et al. Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1630-4","volume":"19","author":"PA Brennan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brennan PA, Dunlop AL, Smith AK, Kramer M, Mulle J, Corwin EJ. Protocol for the Emory University African American maternal stress and infant gut microbiome cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-019-1630-4.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13143","volume":"149","author":"LT Brink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brink LT, Nel DG, Hall DR, Odendaal HJ. Association of socioeconomic status and clinical and demographic conditions with the prevalence of preterm birth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;149(3):359\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.13143.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2128636","volume":"59","author":"D Byun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Byun D, Schere KL. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Appl Mech Rev. 2006;59(2):51\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.2128636.","journal-title":"Appl Mech Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-486X.2007.00140.x","volume":"11","author":"K Cantor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cantor K. PREEMIE act passes congress: funding still needed to reduce preterm births. Nurs Womens Health. 2007;11(2):129\u201332.","journal-title":"Nurs Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000630","volume":"58","author":"M Capobussi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capobussi M, Tettamanti R, Marcolin L, Piovesan L, Bronzin S, Gattoni ME, et al. Air pollution impact on pregnancy outcomes in Como, Italy. J Occup Environ Med. 2016;58(1):47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000630.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2012.01056.x","volume":"62","author":"HH Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang HH, Reich BJ, Miranda ML. A spatial time-to-event approach for estimating associations between air pollution and preterm birth. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat. 2013;62(2):167\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2012.01056.x.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"1264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu060","volume":"16","author":"HH Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang HH, Warren JL, Darrow LA, Reich BJ, Waller LA. Assessment of critical exposure and outcome windows in time-to-event analysis with application to air pollution and preterm birth study. Biostatistics. 2015;16(3):509\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu060.","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"11","key":"1264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13170","volume":"32","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z, Liu N, Tang H, Gao X, Zhang Y, Kan H, et al. Health effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide between 1980 and 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indoor Air. 2022;32(11):e13170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.13170.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"1264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114038","volume":"214","author":"TW Collins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collins TW, Grineski SE, Shaker Y, Mullen CJ. Communities of color are disproportionately exposed to long-term and short-term PM(2.5) in metropolitan America. Environ Res. 2022;214(Pt 4):114038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114038.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Committee Opinion No 700: Methods for Estimating the Due Date. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(5):e150-e154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0000000000002046.","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000002046"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1357-x","volume":"17","author":"EJ Corwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corwin EJ, Hogue CJ, Pearce B, Hill CC, Read TD, Mulle J, et al. Protocol for the Emory University African American vaginal, oral, and gut microbiome in pregnancy cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-017-1357-x.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"11","key":"1264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.08.005","volume":"25","author":"M Cossi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cossi M, Zuta S, Padula AM, Gould JB, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM. Role of infant sex in the association between air pollution and preterm birth. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25(11):874\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"1264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112581","volume":"208","author":"A Cristaldi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Oliveri Conti G, Pulvirenti E, Favara C, Grasso A, et al. Possible association between PM2.5 and neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review. Environ Res. 2022;208:112581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112581.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0094-3","volume":"15","author":"E DeFranco","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeFranco E, Moravec W, Xu F, Hall E, Hossain M, Haynes EN, et al. Exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy is associated with preterm birth: a population-based cohort study. Environ Health. 2016;15:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-016-0094-3.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.001081159","volume":"108","author":"J Dejmek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dejmek J, Solansky I, Benes I, Lenicek J, Sram RJ. The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles on pregnancy outcome. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(12):1159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.001081159.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111487","volume":"201","author":"FH Dominski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dominski FH, Lorenzetti Branco JH, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Gameiro da Silva M, Andrade A. Effects of air pollution on health: a mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Environ Res. 2021;201:111487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111487.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01630.x","volume":"32","author":"N Fann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fann N, Lamson AD, Anenberg SC, Wesson K, Risley D, Hubbell BJ. Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ozone. Risk Anal. 2012;32(1):81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01630.x.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00580.x","volume":"18","author":"DB Fell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fell DB, Dodds L, King WD. Residential mobility during pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18(6):408\u201314.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"1264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030","volume":"128","author":"S Feng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feng S, Gao D, Liao F, Zhou F, Wang X. The health effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;128:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-017-0099-7","volume":"4","author":"KK Ferguson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferguson KK, Chin HB. Environmental chemicals and preterm birth: Biological mechanisms and the state of the science. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2017;4(1):56\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40471-017-0099-7.","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17727","volume":"131","author":"JC Fussell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fussell JC, Jauniaux E, Smith RB, Burton GJ. Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: a review of underlying mechanisms. BJOG. 2024;131(5):538\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.17727.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"7","key":"1264_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.04.866","volume":"25","author":"D Getahun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Getahun D, Shi J, Kawatkar A, Xie F, Chiu V, Avila C, et al. EPH115 recent trends in preterm birth and its clinical subtypes: race\/ethnicity. Value Health. 2022;25(7):S456.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003718","volume":"18","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Causey K, Burkart K, Wozniak S, Cohen A, Brauer M. Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories. PLoS Med. 2021;18(9):e1003718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003718.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giorgis-Allemand L, Pedersen M, Bernard C, Aguilera I, Beelen RM, Chatzi L, Cirach M, Danileviciute A, Dedele A, van Eijsden M, Estarlich M, Fernandez-Somoano A, Fernandez MF, Forastiere F, Gehring U, Grazuleviciene R, Gruzieva O, Heude B, Hoek G, . . . Slama R. The influence of meteorological factors and atmospheric pollutants on the risk of preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(4):247\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kww141.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww141"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"1264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.279","volume":"650","author":"T Guan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guan T, Xue T, Gao S, Hu M, Liu X, Qiu X, et al. Acute and chronic effects of ambient fine particulate matter on preterm births in Beijing, China: a time-series model. Sci Total Environ. 2019;650(Pt 2):1671\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.279.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12836","volume":"36","author":"S Ha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ha S, Martinez V, Chan-Golston AM. Air pollution and preterm birth: a time-stratified case-crossover study in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2022;36(1):80\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppe.12836.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409651","volume":"124","author":"H Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao H, Chang HH, Holmes HA, Mulholland JA, Klein M, Darrow LA, et al. Air pollution and preterm birth in the US state of Georgia (2002\u20132006): associations with concentrations of 11 ambient air pollutants estimated by combining Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) simulations with stationary monitor measurements. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;124(6):875.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409651","volume":"124","author":"H Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao H, Chang HH, Holmes HA, Mulholland JA, Klein M, Darrow LA, et al. Air pollution and preterm birth in the U.S. state of Georgia (2002\u20132006): associations with concentrations of 11 ambient air pollutants estimated by combining community multiscale air quality model (CMAQ) simulations with stationary monitor measurements. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(6):875\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409651.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR36","unstructured":"Heart N, Lung, Institute B. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Report of the Task Force on Behavioral Research in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Health and Disease. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National\u2026.1998."},{"issue":"730","key":"1264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, Hirahara S, Hor\u00e1nyi A, Mu\u00f1oz-Sabater J, et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 2020;146(730):1999\u20132049.","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1264_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24520-5","volume":"30","author":"TH Hung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hung TH, Chen PH, Tung TH, Hsu J, Hsu TY, Wan GH. Risks of preterm birth and low birth weight and maternal exposure to NO(2)\/PM(2.5) acquired by dichotomous evaluation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(4):9331\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24520-5.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1048412","volume":"10","author":"BG Janssen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Janssen BG, Byun HM, Gyselaers W, Lefebvre W, Baccarelli AA, Nawrot TS. Placental mitochondrial methylation and exposure to airborne particulate matter in the early life environment: an ENVIRONAGE birth cohort study. Epigenetics. 2015;10(6):536\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15592294.2015.1048412.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"1264_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-22","volume":"10","author":"BG Janssen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janssen BG, Godderis L, Pieters N, Poels K, Kicinski M, Cuypers A, et al. Placental DNA hypomethylation in association with particulate air pollution in early life. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2013;10:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8977-10-22.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1264_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104458","volume":"120","author":"BG Janssen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Janssen BG, Munters E, Pieters N, Smeets K, Cox B, Cuypers A, et al. Placental mitochondrial DNA content and particulate air pollution during in utero life. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(9):1346\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104458.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8","key":"1264_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510266","volume":"124","author":"S Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson S, Bobb JF, Ito K, Savitz DA, Elston B, Shmool JL, et al. Ambient fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and preterm birth in New York City. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(8):1283\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1510266.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111654","volume":"202","author":"L Ju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ju L, Li C, Yang M, Sun S, Zhang Q, Cao J, et al. Maternal air pollution exposure increases the risk of preterm birth: evidence from the meta-analysis of cohort studies. Environ Res. 2021;202:111654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111654.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1264_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/148616","volume":"2012","author":"B Kallen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kallen B. The problem of confounding in studies of the effect of maternal drug use on pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:148616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/148616.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"1264_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9081","volume":"114","author":"S Kannan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kannan S, Misra DP, Dvonch JT, Krishnakumar A. Exposures to airborne particulate matter and adverse perinatal outcomes: a biologically plausible mechanistic framework for exploring potential effect modification by nutrition. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(11):1636\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.9081.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"1264_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47004","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp5838","volume":"128","author":"AP Keil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keil AP, Buckley JP, O\u2019Brien KM, Ferguson KK, Zhao S, White AJ. A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(4):47004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp5838.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330","volume":"8","author":"H Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim H, Kim WH, Kim YY, Park HY. Air pollution and central nervous system disease: a review of the impact of fine particulate matter on neurological disorders. Front Public Health. 2020;8:575330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.575330.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.015","volume":"6","author":"K Kuklinska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuklinska K, Wolska L, Namiesnik J. Air quality policy in the U.S. and the EU \u2013 a review. Atmos Pollut Res. 2015;6(1):129\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5094\/APR.2015.015.","journal-title":"Atmos Pollut Res"},{"key":"1264_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.01.003","volume":"44","author":"HQ Le","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le HQ, Batterman SA, Wirth JJ, Wahl RL, Hoggatt KJ, Sadeghnejad A, et al. Air pollutant exposure and preterm and term small-for-gestational-age births in Detroit, Michigan: long-term trends and associations. Environ Int. 2012;44:7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2012.01.003.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1264_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1028-5","volume":"17","author":"PC Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee PC, Roberts JM, Catov JM, Talbott EO, Ritz B. First trimester exposure to ambient air pollution, pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes in Allegheny County, PA. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(3):545\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-012-1028-5.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8733","volume":"114","author":"JH Leem","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leem JH, Kaplan BM, Shim YK, Pohl HR, Gotway CA, Bullard SM, et al. Exposures to air pollutants during pregnancy and preterm delivery. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(6):905\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8733.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"1264_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13891","volume":"132","author":"M Leung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leung M, Weisskopf MG, Modest AM, Hacker MR, Iyer HS, Hart JE, et al. Using parametric g-computation for time-to-event data and distributed lag models to identify critical exposure windows for preterm birth: an illustrative example using PM2.5 in a retrospective birth cohort based in Eastern Massachusetts (2011\u20132016). Environ Health Perspect. 2024;132(7):77002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP13891.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.055","volume":"227","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, Huang S, Jiao A, Yang X, Yun J, Wang Y, et al. Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2017;227:596\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.03.055.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1264_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.109","volume":"169","author":"Z Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Z, Tang Y, Song X, Lazar L, Li Z, Zhao J. Impact of ambient PM2.5 on adverse birth outcome and potential molecular mechanism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019;169:248\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.10.109.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1264_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.04.042","volume":"179","author":"LC Machado Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Machado LC Jr, Passini R Jr, Rosa IR, Carvalho HB. Neonatal outcomes of late preterm and early term birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;179:204\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1264_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510269","volume":"124","author":"AJ Mehta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehta AJ, Zanobetti A, Bind MA, Kloog I, Koutrakis P, Sparrow D, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and renal function in older men: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(9):1353\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1510269.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18913-z","volume":"24","author":"X Ming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ming X, Yang Y, Li Y, He Z, Tian X, Cheng J, et al. Association between risk of preterm birth and long-term and short-term exposure to ambient carbon monoxide during pregnancy in Chongqing, China: a study from 2016\u20132020. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18913-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"1264_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-0328(03)00021-1","volume":"110","author":"JM Moutquin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moutquin JM. Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth. BJOG. 2003;110(Suppl 20):30\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1470-0328(03)00021-1.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904308","volume":"362","author":"LJ Muglia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muglia LJ, Katz M. The enigma of spontaneous preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):529\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra0904308.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1264_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP243","volume":"124","author":"RM Nachman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nachman RM, Mao G, Zhang X, Hong X, Chen Z, Soria CS, et al. Intrauterine inflammation and maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 during preconception and specific periods of pregnancy: the Boston birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(10):1608\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP243.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04077-w","volume":"21","author":"B Olapeju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olapeju B, Hong X, Wang G, Summers A, Burd I, Cheng TL, et al. Birth outcomes across the spectrum of maternal age: dissecting aging effect versus confounding by social and medical determinants. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-04077-w.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"1264_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.03.015","volume":"35","author":"NS Olgun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olgun NS, Arita Y, Hanna M, Murthy A, Tristan S, Peltier MR, et al. Carbon monoxide attenuates bacteria-induced Endothelin-1 expression in second trimester placental explants. Placenta. 2014;35(6):351\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.03.015.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"1264_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterman MJ, Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Driscoll AK, Valenzuela CP. Births: final data for 2021. 2023.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:116027"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0932","volume":"26","author":"E Proietti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proietti E, Roosli M, Frey U, Latzin P. Air pollution during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: a review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013;26(1):9\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jamp.2011.0932.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"7","key":"1264_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.009","volume":"41","author":"SE Purisch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Purisch SE, Gyamfi-Bannerman C. Epidemiology of preterm birth. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(7):387\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.009.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1264_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307456","volume":"122","author":"KM Rappazzo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rappazzo KM, Daniels JL, Messer LC, Poole C, Lobdell DT. Exposure to fine particulate matter during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth among women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, 2000\u20132005. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(9):992\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1307456.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"1264_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-120016792","volume":"22","author":"JM Roberts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberts JM, Pearson GD, Cutler JA, Lindheimer MD, National Heart, L., Blood, I. Summary of the NHLBI working group on research on hypertension during pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2003;22(2):109\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/PRG-120016792.","journal-title":"Hypertens Pregnancy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1264_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)80001-3","volume":"164","author":"DA Savitz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Savitz DA, Blackmore CA, Thorp JM. Epidemiologic characteristics of preterm delivery: etiologic heterogeneity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(2):467\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)80001-3.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1264_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2006.07.001","volume":"58","author":"G Scherer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scherer G. Carboxyhemoglobin and thiocyanate as biomarkers of exposure to carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in tobacco smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2006;58(2\u20133):101\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.etp.2006.07.001.","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1264_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz120","volume":"188","author":"P Sheridan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheridan P, Ilango S, Bruckner TA, Wang Q, Basu R, Benmarhnia T. Ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth in California: identification of critical exposure windows. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(9):1608\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwz120.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1264_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109290","volume":"184","author":"N Siddika","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siddika N, Rantala AK, Antikainen H, Balogun H, Amegah AK, Ryti NRI, et al. Short-term prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of preterm birth - a population-based cohort study in Finland. Environ Res. 2020;184:109290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109290.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1264_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530 e531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.023","volume":"211","author":"MJ Stout","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stout MJ, Busam R, Macones GA, Tuuli MG. Spontaneous and indicated preterm birth subtypes: interobserver agreement and accuracy of classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211(5):530 e531-534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.023.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"1264_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137431","volume":"313","author":"YF Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su YF, Li C, Xu JJ, Zhou FY, Li T, Liu C, et al. Associations between short-term and long-term exposure to particulate matter and preterm birth. Chemosphere. 2023;313:137431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137431.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1264_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134985","volume":"703","author":"M Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun M, Yan W, Fang K, Chen D, Liu J, Chen Y, et al. The correlation between PM(2.5) exposure and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2020;703:134985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134985.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","volume":"150","author":"SR Walani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walani SR. Global burden of preterm birth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150(1):31\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.13195.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"1264_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.021","volume":"121","author":"Q Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Q, Benmarhnia T, Zhang H, Knibbs LD, Sheridan P, Li C, et al. Identifying windows of susceptibility for maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and preterm birth. Environ Int. 2018;121(Pt 1):317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.021.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-018-9254-0","volume":"11","author":"B Woo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Woo B, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Sass V, Crowder K, Teixeira S, Takeuchi DT. Residential segregation and racial\/ethnic disparities in ambient air pollution. Race Soc Probl. 2019;11(1):60\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12552-018-9254-0.","journal-title":"Race Soc Probl"},{"issue":"7","key":"1264_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5317","volume":"111","author":"TJ Woodruff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Kyle AD, Schoendorf KC. Disparities in exposure to air pollution during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111(7):942\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.5317.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1264_CR79","volume-title":"Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death: based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1977","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death: based on the recommendations of the ninth revision conference, 1975, and adopted by the Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly. World Health Organization; 1977."},{"key":"1264_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.015","volume":"147","author":"X Zhai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhai X, Russell AG, Sampath P, Mulholland JA, Kim B-U, Kim Y, et al. Calibrating r-line model results with observational data to develop annual mobile source air pollutant fields at fine spatial resolution: application in Atlanta. Atm Environ. 2016;147:446\u201357.","journal-title":"Atm Environ"},{"key":"1264_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138982","volume":"730","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang M, Wang X, Yang X, Dong T, Hu W, Guan Q, et al. Increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with higher prepregnancy ambient PM(2.5) exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2020;730:138982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138982.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1264_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.12.009","volume":"76","author":"N Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao N, Qiu J, Zhang Y, He X, Zhou M, Li M, et al. Ambient air pollutant PM10 and risk of preterm birth in Lanzhou, China. Environ Int. 2015;76:71\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.12.009.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1264_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.009","volume":"58","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Xu X, Zhang X, Wang A, Zhang C, Huttemann M, et al. Exposure to ambient particulate matter induces a NASH-like phenotype and impairs hepatic glucose metabolism in an animal model. J Hepatol. 2013;58(1):148\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.08.009.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:01:47Z","timestamp":1771419707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-026-01264-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-069X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-069X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}