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Assessment of the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet was carried out utilizing a 280-item food frequency questionnaire. Annual PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were estimated via land use regression models. Mortality outcomes were sourced from official death registry. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During a median of 16.8 years follow-up, 1,856 deaths were recorded. PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure significantly increased the risks of all-cause mortality, respiratory and circulatory mortality. The MIND diet interacted with PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure on all-cause (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -interaction\u2009=\u20090.008) and respiratory mortality (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -interaction\u2009=\u20090.022). Higher MIND diet scores (\u2265\u2009median) attenuated the adverse PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure-mortality association, showing lower risks for all-cause (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.06\u20131.32) and respiratory mortality (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.91\u20131.41). In contrast, those with lower MIND scores (&lt;\u2009median) had elevated mortality risks, with HRs of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.27\u20131.65) for all-cause mortality and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.24\u20132.06) for respiratory mortality. No significant interaction was observed for circulatory mortality. Besides, no interaction was found between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure with DQI-I or DII in relation to mortality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adherence to MIND diet may mitigate the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      on all-cause and respiratory mortality in older adults, whereas overall diet quality or an anti-inflammatory diet showed no protective effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-026-01296-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:53:14Z","timestamp":1776430394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The potential role of dietary patterns in modifying the association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and mortality in elderly Hong Kong Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shu-Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kin-Fai","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanche","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1296_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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