{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:09:02Z","timestamp":1792084142923,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The screening for intestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant<jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>spp. (VRE) among high risk patients in the Balkan region and molecular epidemiology of VRE is insufficiently investigated, yet it could be of key importance in infection control. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data on VRE intestinal carriage among high-risk patients in Serbian university hospitals, to determine the phenotypic\/genotypic profiles of the isolated VRE, to obtain knowledge of local resistance patterns and bridge the gaps in current VRE surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The VRE reservoir was investigated using stool samples from 268 inpatients. Characterization of isolated VRE stains consisted of BD Phoenix system, genotypic identification, glycopeptide and quinupristin\u2013dalfopristin (Q\u2013D) resistance probing, virulence gene (<jats:italic>esp<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>efaA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>asa1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>gelE<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>cpd<\/jats:italic>) detection and MLVA. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the microtiter plate method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>VRE carriage prevalence among at-risk patients was 28.7%. All VRE strains were<jats:italic>van<\/jats:italic>A positive multidrug-resistant<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>(VR<jats:italic>fm<\/jats:italic>), harboring<jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>B-1 (38.9%),<jats:italic>esp<\/jats:italic>(84%),<jats:italic>efa<\/jats:italic>A (71.2%),<jats:italic>hyl<\/jats:italic>(54.5%),<jats:italic>asa<\/jats:italic>1 (23.4%),<jats:italic>gel<\/jats:italic>E and<jats:italic>cpd<\/jats:italic>(11.6%) each. Ability of biofilm production was detected in 20.8%. Genetic relatedness of the isolates revealed 13 clusters, heterogeneous picture and 25 unique MTs profiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The obtained prevalence of VRE intestinal carriage among high-risk inpatients in Serbia is higher than the European average, with high percentage of multidrug resistance. The emergence of resistance to Q\u2013D is of particular concern. Close monitoring of pattern of resistance and strict adherence to specific guidelines are urgently needed in Serbia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00423-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T13:02:44Z","timestamp":1616245364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intestinal carriage of vancomycin\u2010resistant Enterococcus spp. among high\u2010risk patients in university hospitals in Serbia: first surveillance report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5759-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Janjusevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Markovic Denic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajna","family":"Minic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Grgurevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Cirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"47","key":"423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.47.19046-en","volume":"13","author":"G Werner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Werner G, Coque TM, Hammerum AM, Hope R, Hryniewicz W, Johnson A, et al. 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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}