{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:17:03Z","timestamp":1793247423600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":379,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the\n                    <jats:italic>Coronaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7th known member of the coronavirus family to cause disease in humans, notably following the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS). The most characteristic feature of this single-stranded RNA molecule includes the spike glycoprotein on its surface. Most patients with COVID-19, of which the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk, complain of flu-like symptoms, including dry cough and headache. The most common complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and cardiovascular manifestations. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via respiratory droplets, either directly from the air when an infected patient coughs or sneezes, or in the form of fomites on surfaces. Maintaining hand-hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (i.e., masks) remain the most effective precautions. Patient management includes supportive care and anticoagulative measures, with a focus on maintaining respiratory function. Therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab appear to be most promising to date, with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferons falling out of favour. Additionally, accelerated vaccination efforts have taken place internationally, with several promising vaccinations being mass deployed. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and stakeholders have taken varying precautions to combat and contain the spread of the virus and dampen its collateral economic damage. This review paper aims to synthesize the impact of the virus on a global, micro to macro scale.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T07:02:38Z","timestamp":1621321358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Saad I.","family":"Mallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar K.","family":"Ghorab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Al-Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar S.","family":"Abdellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tharmegan","family":"Tharmaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina Amin","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Atef Nassef","family":"Sefen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pardeep","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassam","family":"Atallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"El-Lababidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manaf","family":"Al-Qahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/33696","volume-title":"WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5","volume":"63","author":"X Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457\u201360.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"438_CR3","unstructured":"Worldometers. Coronavirus Cases - Statistics and Charts. 2020. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/coronavirus-cases\/#case-growth-outchina."},{"key":"438_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2020. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"438_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Novel coronavirus-China. 2020."},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727\u201333.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","volume":"395","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","volume":"91","author":"DS Hui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hui DS, Azhar E, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;91:264\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR10","first-page":"78","volume":"5","author":"F Zahedipour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zahedipour F, Hosseini SA, Sathyapalan T, et al. Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection. PTR. 2020;5:78.","journal-title":"PTR"},{"key":"438_CR11","unstructured":"Roser M, Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Hasell J. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). 2020. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus."},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","volume":"5","author":"AEBS Gorbalenya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorbalenya AEBS, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"438_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/interactive-timeline\/."},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.032","volume":"2","author":"V Surveillances","year":"2020","unstructured":"Surveillances V. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)\u2014China, 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):113\u201322.","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","volume":"5","author":"AE Gorbalenya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.017","volume":"2","author":"W Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan W, Zhao X, Ma X, et al. A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases\u2014Wuhan, China 2019\u20132020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(4):61\u20132.","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000058","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058","volume":"25","author":"J Riou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(4):2000058.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"7798","key":"438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","volume":"395","author":"JFW Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514\u201323.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","volume":"26","author":"KG Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450\u20132.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10226","key":"438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30421-9","volume":"395","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S, Yang J, Yang W, Wang C, B\u00e4rnighausen T. COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):764\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101568","volume":"33","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao S, Zhuang Z, Ran J, et al. The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven correlational report. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;33:101568.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa011","volume":"27","author":"II Bogoch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MUG, Khan K. Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China. J Travel Med. 2020;27:2.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101578","volume":"33","author":"AJ Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales AJ, MacGregor K, Kanagarajah S, Patel D, Schlagenhauf P. Going global\u2014travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;33:101578.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa015","volume-title":"Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","author":"ME Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson ME, Chen LH. Travellers give wings to novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 30. 2020."},{"issue":"11","key":"438_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043560","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043560","volume":"10","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao Y, Hiyoshi A, Montgomery S. COVID-19 case-fatality rate and demographic and socioeconomic influencers: worldwide spatial regression analysis based on country-level data. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e043560.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.032","volume":"2","author":"V Surveillances","year":"2020","unstructured":"Surveillances V. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)\u2014China, 2020. China CDC weekly. 2020;2(8):113\u201322.","journal-title":"China CDC weekly"},{"key":"438_CR29","unstructured":"CEBM: The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates. 2020. https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/covid-19\/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates\/."},{"key":"438_CR30","first-page":"94","volume":"8","author":"A Remuzzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G. COVID-19 and Italy: what next? Lancet. 2020;8:94.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.019","volume":"94","author":"Z Zhuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuang Z, Zhao S, Lin Q, et al. Preliminary estimation of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in Iran: a modelling analysis based on overseas cases and air travel data. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:29\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR32","unstructured":"Ferguson N, Laydon D, Nedjati Gilani G, et al. Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR33","first-page":"25","volume":"8","author":"EJ Emanuel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. New Engl J Med. 2020;8:25.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"438_CR34","first-page":"69","volume":"2","author":"ML Ranney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ranney ML, Griffeth V, Jha AK. Critical supply shortages\u2014the Need for Ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 Pandemic. New Engl J Med. 2020;2:69.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"438_CR35","unstructured":"Kobokovich A. Ventilator Stockpiling and Availability in the US. Center for Health Security, 2020."},{"key":"438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Oosterhout C, Hall N, Ly H, Tyler KM. COVID-19 evolution during the pandemic\u2013Implications of new SARS-CoV-2 variants on disease control and public health policies. New York: Taylor & Francis; 2021.","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1877066"},{"key":"438_CR37","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u201317 April 2020. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---17-april-2020."},{"key":"438_CR38","first-page":"1112","volume":"150","author":"RA Neher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neher RA, Dyrdak R, Druelle V, Hodcroft EB, Albert J. Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Swiss Med Weekly. 2020;150:1112.","journal-title":"Swiss Med Weekly"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200320","volume":"26","author":"N Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson N, Kvalsvig A, Barnard LT, Baker MG. Case-fatality risk estimates for COVID-19 calculated by using a lag time for fatality. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1339.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binti Hamzah FA, Hau C, Nazri H, et al. CoronaTracker: World-wide COVID-19 Outbreak Data Analysis and Prediction. 2020.","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.255695"},{"key":"438_CR41","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/forecasts-cases.html."},{"key":"438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulrahman A, Mallah S, AlAwadhi AI, Perna S, Janahi E, AlQahtani M. Association between RT-PCR Ct values and COVID-19 new daily cases: a multicenter cross-sectional Study. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.07.20245233"},{"key":"438_CR43","unstructured":"Routley N. Infection trajectory: see which Countries are flattening their COVID-19 curve. 2020. https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/infection-trajectory-flattening-the-covid19-curve\/."},{"key":"438_CR44","unstructured":"ASSESSMENT RR. Risk related to the spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU\/EEA\u2013first update. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR45","first-page":"65","volume":"88","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yadav PD, Nyayanit DA, Sahay RR, et al. Isolation and characterization of VUI-202012\/01, a SARS-CoV-2 variant in travellers from the United Kingdom to India. J Travel Med. 2021;88:65.","journal-title":"J Travel Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01487","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01487-20","volume":"10","author":"D Loconsole","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loconsole D, Sallustio A, Accogli M, et al. Genome sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 VUI 202012\/01 strain identified from a patient returning from London, England, to the Apulia Region of Italy. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021;10(4):e01487-e1520.","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1877066","volume":"12","author":"C van Oosterhout","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Oosterhout C, Hall N, Ly H, Tyler KM. COVID-19 evolution during the pandemic\u2014implications of new SARS-CoV-2 variants on disease control and public health policies. Virulence. 2021;12(1):507\u20138.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"438_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang JW, Tambyah PA, Hui DS. Emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant in the UK. J Infect. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.12.024"},{"key":"438_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang JW, Toovey OTR, Harvey KN, Hui DDS. Introduction of the South African SARS-CoV-2 variant 501Y.V2 into the UK. J Infect. 2021: S0163\u20134453(21)00030-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.01.007"},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.03.007","volume":"19","author":"NS Heaton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heaton NS, Randall G. Multifaceted roles for lipids in viral infection. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19(7):368\u201375.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"438_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang X, Wu C, Li X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa036"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","volume":"9","author":"N Vankadari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vankadari N, Wilce JA. Emerging COVID-19 coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):601\u20134.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR53","first-page":"161","volume":"91","author":"M Baglivo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baglivo M, Baronio M, Natalini G, et al. Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid-dependent attachment to host cells: a possible strategy for reducing SARS-COV-2 infectivity? Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):161\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"438_CR54","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Qiu Y, Li J-Y, Zhou Z-J, Liao C-H, Ge X-Y. A unique protease cleavage site predicted in the spike protein of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (2019-nCoV) potentially related to viral transmissibility. Virol Sin. 2020;5:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"key":"438_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104646","volume":"87","author":"P Priya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Priya P, Shanker A. Coevolutionary forces shaping the fitness of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein against human receptor ACE2. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;87:104646.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"438_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104742","volume":"176","author":"B Coutard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furinlike cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 2020;176:5.","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"438_CR57","unstructured":"Yu H, Wang X, Li J, et al. Genomic analysis of a 2019-nCoV strain in the first COVID-19 patient found in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Zhonghua yu Fang yi xue za zhi [Chin J Prevent Med]. 2020; 54: E026."},{"key":"438_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam TT-Y, Shum MH-H, Zhu H-C, et al. Identification of 2019-nCoV related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins in southern China. BioRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.13.945485"},{"key":"438_CR59","first-page":"299","volume":"20","author":"T Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. Probable pangolin origin of 2019-nCoV associated with outbreak of COVID-19. Curr Biol. 2020;20:299.","journal-title":"Curr Biol."},{"key":"438_CR60","unstructured":"Zhu H, Guo Q, Li M, et al. Host and infectivity prediction of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus using deep learning algorithm. BioRxiv. 2020."},{"issue":"13","key":"438_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","volume":"323","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. New Engl J Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746199","volume":"9","author":"L Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, Li T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection\u2013a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microb Infect. 2020;9(1):727\u201332.","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","volume":"5","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):562\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.005","volume":"104","author":"H Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin H, Liu J, Cui M, Lu L. Novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency in Zhuhai: impact and challenges. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(4):452\u20133.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"438_CR66","unstructured":"Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv. 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","volume":"46","author":"Q Ruan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan China. Intens Care Med. 2020;46(5):846\u20138.","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"438_CR68","first-page":"78","volume":"15","author":"W Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, et al. Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang China. J Infect. 2020;15:78.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"438_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0543OC","volume":"201","author":"Y Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P, et al. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Critic Care Med. 2020;201(11):1372\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Critic Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14435","volume":"40","author":"L Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu L, Liu J, Lu M, Yang D, Zheng X. Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections. Liver Int. 2020;40(5):998\u20131004.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","volume":"28","author":"I Seah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seah I, Agrawal R. Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(3):391\u20135.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683\u201390.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","volume":"18","author":"N Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844\u20137.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"22","key":"438_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047419","volume":"141","author":"CM Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell CM, Kahwash R. Will complement inhibition be the new target in treating COVID-19\u2013related systemic thrombosis? Circulation. 2020;141(22):1739\u201341.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"438_CR76","first-page":"497","volume":"12","author":"L Verdoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;12:497.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"32","key":"438_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932e2","volume":"69","author":"S Godfred-Cato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godfred-Cato S, Bryant B, Leung J, et al. COVID-19\u2013associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children\u2014United States, March\u2013July 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1074.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114","volume":"58","author":"SB Gane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C. Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome. Rhinology. 2020;58(3):299\u2013301.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"438_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110626","volume":"142","author":"L Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar L, Kahlon N, Jain A, Kaur J, Singh M, Pandey A. Loss of smell and taste in COVID-19 infection in adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;142:110626.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"438_CR80","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_3."},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507\u201313.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR82","unstructured":"BMJ Best Practice. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2014Complications. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR83","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19\/latest-evidence\/clinical."},{"key":"438_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3601761"},{"key":"438_CR85","first-page":"65","volume":"54","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Fang X, Pang Z, Zhang B, Liu H, Zhang F. COVID-19 and cutaneous manifestations: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;54:65.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"438_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey JR, Caro-Cod\u00f3n J, Poveda Pineda D, Merino JL, Iniesta \u00c1M, L\u00f3pez-Send\u00f3n JL. Arterial thrombotic complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Cardiolog\u00eda. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2020.05.008"},{"key":"438_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein R. COVID\u201019: risk groups, mechanistic insights, and challenges. Int J Clin Pract. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13512"},{"key":"438_CR88","first-page":"78","volume":"18","author":"CI Vardavas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco Induced Dis. 2020;18:78.","journal-title":"Tobacco Induced Dis."},{"key":"438_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"438_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.004","volume":"505","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;505:190.","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta."},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0369","volume":"58","author":"BM Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry BM, De Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1021\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"438_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, et al. Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome. MedRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.02.20029975"},{"key":"438_CR93","first-page":"22","volume":"87","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2020;87:22.","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta."},{"key":"438_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day M. Covid-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say doctors and scientists. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1086"},{"key":"438_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong AY, MacKenna B, Morton CE, et al. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of death from COVID-19: an OpenSAFELY cohort analysis based on two cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219517"},{"key":"438_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olds JL, Kabbani N. Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID\u201019 in the general population? FEBS J. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15303"},{"key":"438_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz JH. Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19. J Travel Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa041"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.195","volume":"42","author":"SH Javanmard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javanmard SH, Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K, Vaseghi G. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use in COVID-19 prevention or treatment: a paradox. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(1):118\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"438_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107628","volume":"8","author":"JJ Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang JJ, Edin ML, Zeldin DC, Li C, Wang DW, Chen C. Good or bad: application of RAAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;8:107628.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"438_CR100","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"L Smart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smart L, Fawkes N, Goggin P, et al. A narrative review of the potential pharmacological influence and safety of ibuprofen on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), ACE2, and the immune system: a dichotomy of expectation and reality. Inflammopharmacology. 2020;25:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"438_CR101","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2014Transmission. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rockl\u00f6v J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa021"},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039652","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039652","volume":"10","author":"C McAloon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McAloon C, Collins \u00c1, Hunt K, et al. Incubation period of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research. BMJ Open. 2020;10(8):e039652.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"16","key":"438_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","volume":"382","author":"N Van Doremalen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishiura H, Oshitani H, Kobayashi T, et al. Closed environments facilitate secondary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.28.20029272"},{"key":"438_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhou J, Yao J, et al. Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: a multi-city study in China. Sci Total Environ. 2020: 138513.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138513"},{"key":"438_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00517-2020","volume":"55","author":"Y Yao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yao Y, Pan J, Liu Z, et al. No Association of COVID-19 transmission with temperature or UV radiation in Chinese cities. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:5.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"438_CR108","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. Questions and Answers on the COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/scientific-expertise\/specific-information-and-recommendations\/questions-and-answers-on-2019novel-coronavirus\/."},{"key":"438_CR109","volume-title":"Rapid increase of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with multiple spike protein mutations observed in the United Kingdom\u201420 December 2020","author":"European Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","unstructured":"European Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Rapid increase of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with multiple spike protein mutations observed in the United Kingdom\u201420 December 2020. ECDC: Stockholm; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B. 1.1. 7 in England: Insights from linking epidemiological and genetic data. medRxiv. 2021: 2020.12. 30.20249034.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.30.20249034"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292","volume":"3","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e208292.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"18","key":"438_CR112","first-page":"1843","volume":"323","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.5455\/im.61108","volume":"2","author":"FLD Colavita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colavita FLD, Carletti F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 isolation from ocular secretions of a patient with COVID-19 in Italy with prolonged viral RNA detection. Ann Intern Med. 2020;2:M20-1176.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30191-2","volume":"20","author":"Y Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo Y, Yin K. Management of pregnant women infected with COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):513\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"438_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Archiv Pathol Lab Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0901-SA"},{"key":"438_CR116","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Key considerations for repatriation and quarantine of travellers in relation to the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/ith\/Repatriation_Quarantine_nCoV-key-considerations_HQ-final11Feb.pdf?ua=1."},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22014","volume":"55","author":"E Mullins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mullins E, Evans D, Viner R, O\u2019Brien P, Morris E. Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery: rapid review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(5):586\u201392.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051521","volume":"9","author":"K Narang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Narang K, Ibirogba ER, Elrefaei A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy: a comprehensive summary of current guidelines. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1521.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"438_CR119","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus Disease 2019 - Social Distancing. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/social-distancing.html."},{"key":"438_CR120","unstructured":"Travel.state.gov. COVID-19 Traveler Information. 2020. https:\/\/travel.state.gov\/content\/travel\/en\/traveladvisories\/ea\/covid-19-information.html"},{"key":"438_CR121","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Get your mass gatherings or large community events ready. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/large-events\/mass-gatherings-ready-for-covid-19.html."},{"key":"438_CR122","unstructured":"Mukamal R. Eye care during the coronavirus pandemic. Am Acad Opthalmol. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR123","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Considerations for Wearing Cloth Face Coverings. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/cloth-face-cover.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12745","volume":"14","author":"JJ Bartoszko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartoszko JJ, Farooqi MAM, Alhazzani W, Loeb M. Medical masks vs N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020;14(4):365\u201373.","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"438_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_591_19","volume":"9","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma SK, Mishra M, Mudgal SK. Efficacy of cloth face mask in prevention of novel coronavirus infection transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Educ Health Prom. 2020;9:87.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Prom."},{"key":"438_CR126","first-page":"293","volume":"5","author":"SE Eikenberry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eikenberry SE, Mancuso M, Iboi E, et al. To mask or not to mask: Modeling the potential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Modell. 2020;5:293\u2013308.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Modell"},{"key":"438_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunjaya AP, Jenkins C. Rationale for universal face masks in public against COVID\u201019. Respirology. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13834"},{"key":"438_CR128","unstructured":"Organization WH. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009."},{"issue":"16","key":"438_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3227","volume":"323","author":"SWX Ong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1610\u20132.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR130","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/infection-control-recommendations.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Finfection-control%2Fcontrol-recommendations.html."},{"key":"438_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klompas M, Baker MA, Rhee C. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: theoretical considerations and available evidence. JAMA. 2020.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12458"},{"key":"438_CR132","unstructured":"Control CfD, Prevention. Infection control guidance for healthcare professionals about coronavirus (COVID-19). 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2016638","volume":"383","author":"DR Boulware","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):517\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"438_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6319","volume":"181","author":"BS Abella","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abella BS, Jolkovsky EL, Biney BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine vs placebo for pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis among health care workers: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(2):195\u2013202.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"438_CR135","unstructured":"Organization WH. An international randomised trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19. 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02624","volume":"14","author":"B Udugama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Udugama B, Kadhiresan P, Kozlowski HN, et al. Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano. 2020;14(4):3822\u201335.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201343","volume":"296","author":"H Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim H, Hong H, Yoon SH. Diagnostic performance of CT and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for coronavirus disease 2019: a meta-analysis. Radiology. 2020;296(3):E145\u201355.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"438_CR138","unstructured":"Kanne JP, Little BP, Chung JH, Elicker BM, Ketai LH. Essentials for radiologists on COVID-19: an update\u2014radiology scientific expert panel. Radiological Society of North America; 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0098","volume":"15","author":"M Naguib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naguib M, Moustafa F, Salman MT, Saeed NK, Al-Qahtani M. The use of radiological imaging alongside reverse transcriptase PCR in diagnosing novel coronavirus disease 2019: a narrative review. Fut Microbiol. 2020;15(10):897\u2013903.","journal-title":"Fut Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"438_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E115","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200432","volume":"296","author":"Y Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang Y, Zhang H, Xie J, et al. Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E115\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"438_CR141","unstructured":"American College of Radiology. ACR Recommendations for the use of Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection. 2020. https:\/\/www.acr.org\/Advocacy-and-Economics\/ACR-Position-Statements\/Recommendations-for-Chest-Radiography-and-CT-for-Suspected-COVID19-Infection."},{"key":"438_CR142","unstructured":"Abott. Detect COVID-19 in as Little as 5 Minutes. 2020. https:\/\/www.abbott.com\/corpnewsroom\/product-and-innovation\/detect-covid-19-in-as-little-as-5-minutes.html."},{"key":"438_CR143","unstructured":"Bahrain News Agency. MOH announces the availability of the COVID-19 rapid antigen test in pharmacies across the Kingdom. 2021. https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/en\/MOHannouncestheavailabilityoftheCOVID19rapidantigentestinpharmaciesacrosstheKingdom.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDrjnpd2dLAJj10eK6GkPGpo%3D."},{"key":"438_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulrahman A, Mustafa F, AlAwadhi AI, Alansari Q, AlAlawi B, AlQahtani M. Comparison of SARS-COV-2 nasal antigen test to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR in mildly symptomatic patients. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.10.20228973"},{"key":"438_CR145","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Interim Guidance for Antigen Testing for SARS-CoV-2. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/lab\/resources\/antigen-tests-guidelines.html."},{"key":"438_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55570","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55570","volume":"9","author":"K Gostic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gostic K, Gomez AC, Mummah RO, Kucharski AJ, Lloyd-Smith JO. Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Elife. 2020;9:e55570.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000080","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000080","volume":"25","author":"BJ Quilty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quilty BJ, Clifford S, Flasche S, Eggo RM. Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travellers infected with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(5):2000080.","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"438_CR148","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/testing-overview.html."},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072365","volume":"17","author":"L Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin L, Sun Q, Wang Y, et al. Prediction of number of cases of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) using social media search index. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2365.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"438_CR150","unstructured":"Organization WH. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: patient management. 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.4.47372","volume":"21","author":"S Banskota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banskota S, Healy M, Goldberg EM. 15 smartphone apps for older adults to use while in isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(3):514\u201325.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"438_CR152","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Discontinuation of Transmission-Based Precautions and Disposition of Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Settings. 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/disposition-hospitalized-patients.html."},{"key":"438_CR153","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Therapeutic management of adults with COVID-19. 2021. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/therapeutic-management\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0202","volume":"325","author":"RL Gottlieb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gottlieb RL, Nirula A, Chen P, et al. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(7):632\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atallah B, Mallah SI, AlMahmeed W. Anticoagulation in COVID-19. Eur Heart J. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvaa036"},{"key":"438_CR156","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"GD Barnes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barnes GD, Burnett A, Allen A, et al. Thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim clinical guidance from the anticoagulation forum. J Thromb Thrombol. 2020;8:1.","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombol."},{"key":"438_CR157","unstructured":"Health NIo. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with COVID-19. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR158","unstructured":"Kreuziger LB, Lee AYY, Garcia D, et al. COVID-19 and VTE\/anticoagulation: frequently asked questions. 2021. https:\/\/www.hematology.org\/covid-19\/covid-19-and-vte-anticoagulation."},{"key":"438_CR159","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. Full-dose blood thinners decreased need for life support and improved outcome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. 2021. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/full-dose-blood-thinners-decreased-need-life-support-improved-outcome-hospitalized-covid-19-patients."},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003763","volume":"5","author":"A Cuker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuker A, Tseng EK, Nieuwlaat R, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines on the use of anticoagulation for thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19. Blood Adv. 2021;5(3):872\u201388.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"438_CR161","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. NIH ACTIV Trial of blood thinners pauses enrollment of critically ill COVID-19 patients. 2020. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/nih-activ-trial-blood-thinners-pauses-enrollment-critically-ill-covid-19-patients."},{"key":"438_CR162","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"F Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng F, Liao C, Fan Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of children with coronavirus disease 2019 in Hubei China. Curr Med Sci. 2020;52:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"issue":"17","key":"438_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","volume":"382","author":"X Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15270","volume":"109","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1088\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"438_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702","volume":"145","author":"Y Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145:6.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"438_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0834","volume":"145","author":"AT Cruz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cruz AT, Zeichner SL. COVID-19 in children: initial characterization of the pediatric disease. Pediatrics. 2020;145:6.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"438_CR167","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"TH de Souza","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Souza TH, Nadal JA, Nogueira RJ, Pereira RM, Brand\u00e3o MB. Clinical manifestations of children with COVID-19: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;2:79.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"438_CR168","first-page":"104425","volume":"2020","author":"H Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng H, Gao P, Xu Q, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 in children characteristics, antimicrobial treatment, and outcomes. J Clin Virol. 2019;2020:104425.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"438_CR169","unstructured":"Organization WH. Oxygen therapy for children: a manual for health workers. 2016."},{"key":"438_CR170","first-page":"31","volume":"29","author":"OA Ekhaguere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekhaguere OA, Mairami AB, Kirpalani H. Risk and benefits of bubble continuous positive airway pressure for neonatal and childhood respiratory diseases in low-and middle-income countries. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2019;29:31\u20136.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"438_CR171","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Information for Healthcare Providers about Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mis-c\/hcp\/."},{"key":"438_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.2456","volume":"5","author":"S Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Cardiac injury in patients with corona virus disease 2019. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:78.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"438_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/256294","volume":"2012","author":"C Tikellis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tikellis C, Thomas M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the renin angiotensin system in health and disease. Int J Pept. 2012;2012:78.","journal-title":"Int J Pept"},{"issue":"7047","key":"438_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","volume":"436","author":"Y Imai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","volume":"11","author":"K Kuba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus\u2013induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"438_CR176","first-page":"78","volume":"5","author":"FJ de Abajo","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Abajo FJ, Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn S, Lerma V, et al. Use of renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital: a case-population study. Lancet. 2020;5:78.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"20","key":"438_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","volume":"141","author":"KJ Clerkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141(20):1648\u201355.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"438_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atallah B, Mallah SI, AbdelWareth L, AlMahmeed W, Fonarow GC. A marker of systemic inflammation or direct cardiac injury: should cardiac troponin levels be monitored in COVID-19 patients? Eur Heart J Q Care Clin Outcomes. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa033"},{"key":"438_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippi G, Lavie CJ, Sanchis-Gomar F. Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from a meta-analysis. Progress Cardiovasc Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.03.001"},{"key":"438_CR180","unstructured":"CredibmeMeds. Combined list of drugs that prolong QT and\/or cause torsades de pointes (TDP). 2020."},{"key":"438_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006034","volume-title":"QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient","author":"P Chinello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chinello P, Petrosillo N, Pittalis S, et al. QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient. CA USA: Public Library of Science San Francisco; 2017."},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202388","volume":"53","author":"Y Kumagai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kumagai Y, Murakawa Y, Hasunuma T, et al. Lack of effect of favipiravir, a novel antiviral agent, on QT interval in healthy Japanese adults. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(10):866\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"438_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szekely Y, Lichter Y, Shrkihe BA, Bruck H, Oster HS, Viskin S. Chloroquine-induced torsades de pointes in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019. Heart Rhythm. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.04.046"},{"key":"438_CR184","unstructured":"Craven J. COVID-19 vaccine tracker. 2021. https:\/\/www.raps.org\/news-and-articles\/news-articles\/2020\/3\/covid-19-vaccine-tracker?fbclid=IwAR3_zdwmwEyo9RcbPDpz2_RzMBiNDTDsnYJ9jPZzst4nw1qmp5YwRZ3Znjk."},{"issue":"6982","key":"438_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02463","volume":"428","author":"Z Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang Z, Kong W, Huang Y, et al. A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice. Nature. 2004;428(6982):561\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1597644","volume":"8","author":"I Widjaja","year":"2019","unstructured":"Widjaja I, Wang C, van Haperen R, et al. Towards a solution to MERS: protective human monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the MERS-coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Emerg Microb Infect. 2019;8(1):516\u201330.","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2090","volume":"7","author":"L Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng B-J, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV\u2014a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(3):226\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220196","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220196","volume":"14","author":"MH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim MH, Kim HJ, Chang J. Superior immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine expressing full-length Spike protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):e0220196.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.022","volume":"27","author":"DR Burton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burton DR, Walker LM. Rational vaccine design in the time of COVID-19. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(5):695\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"438_CR190","unstructured":"Corum J, Grady D, Wee S-L, Zimmer C. Coronavirus vaccine tracker. The New York Times 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","volume":"384","author":"LR Baden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403\u201316.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR192","first-page":"19","volume-title":"A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells)","author":"W Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen W. A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells). Wuhan Institute of Biological Products: Chinese Clinical Trials Registry; 2020. p. 19."},{"key":"438_CR193","unstructured":"Halperin SA, Zhu F, angley JM. Phase III Trial of A COVID-19 Vaccine of Adenovirus Vector in Adults 18 Years Old and Above (NCT04526990). 2021. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04526990."},{"key":"438_CR194","unstructured":"Kuzubov VI. Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of \"EpiVacCorona\" Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona). 2021. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04527575."},{"issue":"10275","key":"438_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","volume":"397","author":"DY Logunov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397(10275):671\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR196","unstructured":"Palacios R. Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV). 2021. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT04456595?view=record."},{"issue":"27","key":"438_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","volume":"383","author":"FP Polack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603\u201315.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR198","unstructured":"Products CFSCfRaDoIaB. The control of the first batch of CoviVac vaccine will be completed in the second half of March. Sciences RAo; 2021."},{"key":"438_CR199","unstructured":"Technology P. Bharat Biotech\u2019s Covid-19 vaccine shows interim efficacy of 81%. 2021. https:\/\/www.pharmaceutical-technology.com\/news\/bharat-biotech-vaccine-efficacy\/#:~:text=Indian%20firm%20Bharat%20Biotech%20has,demonstrated%20clinical%20efficacy%20of%2081%25."},{"key":"438_CR200","unstructured":"Vaccines J, BV P. A study of Ad26. COV2. S for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2-mediated COVID-19 in adult participants (ENSEMBLE). ClinicalTrials gov: NCT04505722 2020."},{"issue":"10269","key":"438_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","volume":"397","author":"M Voysey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397(10269):99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR202","unstructured":"Xia S. A randomized, double-blind, placebo parallel-controlled phase I\/II clinical trial for inactivated Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia vaccine (Vero cells). 2021. http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showprojen.aspx?proj=52227."},{"issue":"10229","key":"438_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan Y, Zhu H-L, Zhou C. Advance of promising targets and agents against 2019-nCoV in China. Drug Discov Today. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.02.011"},{"key":"438_CR205","first-page":"58","volume":"22","author":"K Kupferschmidt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J. WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments. Science. 2020;22:58.","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"438_CR206","unstructured":"Trial R. This national clinical trial aims to identify treatments that may be beneficial for people hospitalised with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. 2021. https:\/\/www.recoverytrial.net\/."},{"key":"438_CR207","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. COVID-19 Therapeutics Prioritized for Testing in Clinical Trials. 2021. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/medical-research-initiatives\/activ\/covid-19-therapeutics-prioritized-testing-clinical-trials#activ2."},{"key":"438_CR208","unstructured":"Trial CIotR. Low-cost dexamethasone reduces death by up to one third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications of COVID-19 \u2014 RECOVERY Trial (2020). 2020."},{"key":"438_CR209","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR210","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Corticosteroids for COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Corticosteroids-2020.1."},{"issue":"13","key":"438_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17023","volume":"324","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterne JA, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR212","first-page":"54","volume":"370","author":"RA Siemieniuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:54.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"438_CR213","first-page":"74","volume":"370","author":"F Lamontagne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamontagne F, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, et al. A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:74.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"438_CR214","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Therapeutic management of adults with COVID-19. 2021. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/therapeutic-management\/."},{"key":"438_CR215","unstructured":"Prevention CfDCa. Information for clinicians on investigational therapeutics for patients with COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/therapeutic-options.html\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012","volume":"14","author":"L Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14(1):58\u201360.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","volume":"382","author":"ML Holshue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929\u201336.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR218","unstructured":"National Institute of Health. COVID-19 Treatment guidelines. potential antiviral drugs under evaluation for the treatment of COVID-19. 2020. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/whats-new\/."},{"key":"438_CR219","first-page":"89","volume":"2","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2020;2:89.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"438_CR220","unstructured":"Health NIo. NIH clinical trial shows Remdesivir accelerates recovery from advanced COVID-19. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR221","unstructured":"Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19\u2014preliminary report. New Engl J Med. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR222","unstructured":"Sciences G. Gilead announces results from phase 3 trial of investigational antiviral remdesivir in patients with severe COVID\u201019."},{"key":"438_CR223","unstructured":"Pan H, Peto R, Karim QA, et al. Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19; interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results. medRxiv. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1675903","volume":"52","author":"MR Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis MR, McCreary EK, Pogue JM. That escalated quickly: remdesivir\u2019s place in therapy for COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther. 2020;52:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther."},{"key":"438_CR225","unstructured":"DrugBank. Tocilizumab. 2021. https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB06273."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00146-3","volume":"40","author":"S Hojyo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, et al. How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflamm Regener. 2020;40(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Inflamm Regener"},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30173-9","volume":"2","author":"G Guaraldi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A, et al. Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(8):e474\u201384.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"438_CR228","unstructured":"Horby PW, Pessoa-Amorim G, Peto L, et al. Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): preliminary results of a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Medrxiv. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR229","unstructured":"Gordon AC, Mouncey PR, Al-Beidh F, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically Ill patients with Covid-19\u2013preliminary report. medRxiv. 2021: 2021.01. 07.21249390."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6820","volume":"181","author":"O Hermine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hermine O, Mariette X, Tharaux P-L, et al. Effect of tocilizumab vs usual care in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(1):32\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"438_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosas IO, Br\u00e4u N, Waters M, et al. Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia. New Engl J Med. 2021.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028700"},{"issue":"24","key":"438_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028836","volume":"383","author":"JH Stone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stone JH, Frigault MJ, Serling-Boyd NJ, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(24):2333\u201344.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR233","first-page":"25","volume":"372","author":"VC Veiga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veiga VC, Prats JA, Farias DL, et al. Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;372:25.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"438_CR234","unstructured":"Health NIo. The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel's Statement on the Emergency Use Authorization of Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of COVID-19. September; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR235","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies. 2021. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/anti-sars-cov-2-antibody-products\/anti-sars-cov-2-monoclonal-antibodies\/."},{"key":"438_CR236","unstructured":"Food U, Administration D. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: FDA authorizes monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-019-0132-8","volume":"6","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell discovery. 2020;6(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Cell discovery"},{"key":"438_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou D, Dai S-M, Tong Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa114"},{"key":"438_CR239","first-page":"949","volume":"105","author":"P Gautret","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105:949.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents."},{"key":"438_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758"},{"key":"438_CR241","first-page":"124","volume":"369","author":"W Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;369:124.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"438_CR242","unstructured":"Organization WH. Solidarity\u201d clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments. World Health Organization (WHO) Situation reports Geneva: WHO. https:\/\/www.who int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments 2020. Accessed 5 Apr 2020"},{"key":"438_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehra MR, Desai SS, Ruschitzka F, Patel AN. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. Lancet. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31180-6"},{"key":"438_CR244","first-page":"78","volume":"5","author":"J Robinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robinson J. World Health Organization resumes hydroxychloroquine arm of COVID-19 SOLIDARITY trial. Pharm J. 2020;5:78.","journal-title":"Pharm J."},{"key":"438_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaraja BS, Ramesh KN, Dhar D, et al. HyPE study: hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis-related adverse events\u2019 analysis among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a rising public health concern. J Public Health. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa074"},{"key":"438_CR246","unstructured":"University O. Maternal use of hydroxychloroquine is associated with a reduced risk of recurrent anti-SSA\/Ro-antibody\u2013associated cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulware DR, Skipper CP, Pastick K, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.7326\/L20-1426"},{"key":"438_CR248","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems. 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or."},{"key":"438_CR249","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. NIH halts clinical trial of hydroxychloroquine. 2020. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/nih-halts-clinical-trial-hydroxychloroquine."},{"issue":"12","key":"438_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","volume":"212","author":"JFW Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan JFW, Yao Y, Yeung ML, et al. Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or interferon-\u03b21b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1904\u201313.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"438_CR251","unstructured":"Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A trial of lopinavir\u2013ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. New Engl J Med. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baden LR, Rubin EJ. Covid-19\u2014the search for effective therapy. Mass Medical Soc; 2020.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2005477"},{"key":"438_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu W, Zhou P, Chen K, et al. Efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 from evidence in studies of SARSCoV-2 and other acute viral infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2020.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200647"},{"key":"438_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.40","volume":"44","author":"SGV Rosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosa SGV, Santos WC. Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e40.","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","volume":"11","author":"TP Sheahan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3846-x","volume":"21","author":"YM Arabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arabi YM, Asiri AY, Assiri AM, et al. Treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome with a combination of lopinavir\/ritonavir and interferon-\u03b21b (MIRACLE trial): statistical analysis plan for a recursive two-stage group sequential randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2020;21(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"438_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo Y, Liu Y, Zhong Q, Zhang K, Xu Y, Wang Z. Lopinavir\/ritonavir and interferon combination therapy may help shorten the duration of viral shedding in patients with COVID\u201019: a retrospective study in two designated hospitals in Anhui, China. J Med Virol. 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26127"},{"key":"438_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01061-20","volume":"64","author":"E Davoudi-Monfared","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davoudi-Monfared E, Rahmani H, Khalili H, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of interferon \u03b2-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64:9.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"438_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01061","volume":"11","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Chen V, Shannon CP, et al. Interferon-\u03b12b treatment for COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1061.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"438_CR260","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines - Interferons (Alfa, Beta). 2020. https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/immunomodulators\/interferons\/."},{"key":"438_CR261","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Search of: convalescent plasma | Recruiting Studies | COVID-19 - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov. 2020. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/results?term=convalescent+plasma&cond=COVID-19&Search=Apply&recrs=a&age_v=&gndr=&type=&rslt=."},{"key":"438_CR262","first-page":"1","volume":"54","author":"ST Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu ST, Lin H-M, Baine I, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score\u2013matched control study. Nat Med. 2020;54:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"438_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen B, Xia R. Early experience with convalescent plasma as immunotherapy for COVID\u201019 in China: Knowns and unknowns. Vox Sanguinis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12968"},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031304","volume":"384","author":"VA Simonovich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simonovich VA, Burgos Pratx LD, Scibona P, et al. A randomized trial of convalescent plasma in Covid-19 severe pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(7):619\u201329.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR265","first-page":"87","volume":"10","author":"KL Chai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai KL, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, et al. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10:87.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03236-3","volume":"24","author":"F Sanfilippo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanfilippo F, La Rosa V, Oliveri F, Astuto M. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19: the risk of pulmonary embolism should not be underestimated! Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1\u20132.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"438_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Wu W, Song P, He J. An international comparison analysis of reserve and supply system for emergency medical supplies between China, the United States, Australia, and Canada. BioScience Trends. 2020.","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.03093"},{"issue":"12","key":"438_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1960","volume":"323","author":"DL Swerdlow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. Preparation for possible sustained transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus: lessons from previous epidemics. JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"438_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2003-260","volume":"50","author":"E Petersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petersen E, G\u00f6kengin AD. SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology and control, different scenarios for Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:509\u201314.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci."},{"key":"438_CR270","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Beltekian D, et al. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations\u2014statistics and research. 2021. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-vaccinations."},{"key":"438_CR271","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. COVAX: Working for Global Equitable Access to COVID-19 vaccines. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR272","unstructured":"Blavatnik School of Government UoO. Coronavirus government response tracker. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian H, Liu Y, Li Y, et al. The impact of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. medRxiv. 2020: 2020.01.30.20019844.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.30.20019844"},{"key":"438_CR274","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"R Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang R, Wang H, Zhang S, et al. Phase-and epidemic region-adjusted estimation of the number of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in China. Front Med. 2020;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"438_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim E, Tariq A, Choi W, Lee Y, Chowell G. Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. Int J Infect Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.27.20028829"},{"issue":"6489","key":"438_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9757","volume":"368","author":"M Chinazzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, et al. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science. 2020;368(6489):395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"438_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi JY. Covid-19 in South Korea. Postgraduate Med J. 2020.","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-137738"},{"issue":"4","key":"438_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.03.007","volume":"119","author":"H-Y Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng H-Y, Li S-Y, Yang C-H. Initial rapid and proactive response for the COVID-19 outbreak\u2014Taiwan\u2019s experience. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(4):771.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"438_CR279","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines\u2014Actions taken by Singapore to prevent the spread of COVID-19 as of February 16, 2021. UN Compliance Research Group. 2021."},{"issue":"19","key":"438_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E511","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200563","volume":"192","author":"SY Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong SY, Kwok KO, Chan FK. What can countries learn from Hong Kong\u2019s response to the COVID-19 pandemic? CMAJ. 2020;192(19):E511\u20135.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19334","DOI":"10.2196\/19334","volume":"22","author":"A Sesagiri Raamkumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sesagiri Raamkumar A, Tan SG, Wee HL. Measuring the outreach efforts of public health authorities and the public response on facebook during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Early 2020: cross-country comparison. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(5):e19334.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"438_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12481","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012481","volume":"12","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iwasaki A, Grubaugh ND. Why does Japan have so few cases of COVID-19? EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(5):e12481.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"438_CR283","first-page":"25","volume":"368","author":"JH Tanne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanne JH, Hayasaki E, Zastrow M, Pulla P, Smith P, Rada AG. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. BMJ. 2020;368:25.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"438_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Looi M-K. Covid-19: Japan declares state of emergency as Tokyo cases soar. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1447"},{"key":"438_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines\u2014Actions taken by Japan to prevent the spread of COVID-19 as of February 15, 2021. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/FIN0501"},{"key":"438_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karako K, Song P, Chen Y, Tang W, Kokudo N. Overview of the characteristics of and responses to the three waves of COVID-19 in Japan during 2020\u20132021. BioScience Trends. 2021.","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01019"},{"key":"438_CR287","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Weekly epidemiological update\u201423 February 2021. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update---23-february-2021."},{"key":"438_CR288","unstructured":"Africa CDC. Outbreak Brief 34: COVID-19 Pandemic\u20148 September 2020 2020. https:\/\/africacdc.org\/download\/outbreak-brief-34-covid-19-pandemic-8-september-2020\/."},{"key":"438_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karamouzian M, Madani N. COVID-19 response in the Middle East and North Africa: challenges and paths forward. Lancet Global Health. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30233-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.86","volume":"41","author":"M Abdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdi M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Iran: actions and problems. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(6):754\u20135.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"438_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines - Actions taken by Iran to prevent the spread of COVID-19 as of February 15, 2021. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/FIN0501"},{"key":"438_CR292","first-page":"98","volume":"5","author":"AA Algaissi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Algaissi AA, Alharbi NK, Hassanain M, Hashem AM. Preparedness and response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: building on MERS experience. J Infect Public Health. 2020;5:98.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"438_CR293","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to the World Health Organization - Actions taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to curb the spread of COVID-19 as of February 22, 2021. UN Compliance Research Group. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093181","volume":"17","author":"A Suleiman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suleiman A, Bsisu I, Guzu H, et al. Preparedness of Frontline Doctors in Jordan Healthcare Facilities to COVID-19 Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:9.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"438_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/BHT0501"},{"key":"438_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Malkey MK, Al-Sammak MA. Incidence of the COVID-19 in Iraq\u2013Implications for travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101739"},{"key":"438_CR297","unstructured":"Al-Mandhari A, Samhouri D, Abubakar A, Brennan R. Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak: preparedness and readiness of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. https:\/\/coronavirus1science.com\/item\/6166e6044a2114454e136505bc74865c1c52e8da . 2020."},{"key":"438_CR298","unstructured":"Organization WH. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): situation report, 150. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR299","unstructured":"Ministry of Health-Kingdom of Bahrain. The National Medical Task Force for Combatting the Coronavirus: 10 day quarantine upon arrival to be lifted, compulsory COVID-19 testing for all incoming passengers will remain intact. 2020. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.bh\/COVID19\/Details\/4340."},{"key":"438_CR300","unstructured":"Rahman MM. The Covid-19 Pandemic: Vulnerability of Migrant workers in the GCC States. 2020."},{"issue":"3S","key":"438_CR301","first-page":"175","volume":"91","author":"C Signorelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Signorelli C, Scognamiglio T, Odone A. COVID-19 in Italy: impact of containment measures and prevalence estimates of infection in the general population. Acta Bio-medica. 2020;91(3S):175\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Bio-medica"},{"issue":"11","key":"438_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113792","volume":"17","author":"C Capalbo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capalbo C, Aceti A, Simmaco M, et al. The exponential phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in central italy: an integrated care pathway. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3792.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"438_CR303","unstructured":"Medicine CCfEB. Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates. 2020. https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/covid-19\/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates\/."},{"key":"438_CR304","first-page":"9","volume":"24","author":"K Undela","year":"2020","unstructured":"Undela K, Gudi S. Assumptions for disparities in case-fatality rates of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) across the globe. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24:9.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"438_CR305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen-Crowe B, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. COVID-19 response and containment strategies in the US, South Korea, and Iceland: lessons learned and future directions. Am J Emerg Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.072"},{"issue":"16","key":"438_CR306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005755","volume":"382","author":"DJ Hunter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hunter DJ. Covid-19 and the stiff upper lip\u2014the pandemic response in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):e31.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"438_CR307","volume-title":"Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19)","author":"M Cascella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls: StatPearls Publishing; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dowd A. Covid-19: Papers justifying government\u2019s plans to reopen schools are \u201cinconclusive,\u201d say union bosses. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2108"},{"key":"438_CR309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to the World Health Organization. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/FIN0501"},{"key":"438_CR310","unstructured":"MultiState. COVID-19 Policy Tracker. 2021. https:\/\/www.multistate.us\/issues\/covid-19-policy-tracker."},{"key":"438_CR311","unstructured":"House TW. COVID-19: The Biden-Harris plan to beat COVID-19. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR312","unstructured":"House TW. National Security Memorandum on United States Global Leadership to Strengthen the International COVID-19 Response and to Advance Global Health Security and Biological Preparedness. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuite AR, Greer AL, De Keninck S, Fisman DN. Risk for COVID-19 resurgence related to duration and effectiveness of physical distancing in Ontario, Canada. Ann Intern Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2945"},{"key":"438_CR314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao N, Liu Y, Smaragiassi A, Bernatsky S. Tracking the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada. Int J Infect Dis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.046"},{"key":"438_CR315","first-page":"78","volume":"5","author":"A Adisesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adisesh A, Durand-Moreau Q, Patry L, Straube S. COVID-19 in Canada and the use of personal protective equipment. Occup Med. 2020;5:78.","journal-title":"Occup Med."},{"key":"438_CR316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M, Safadi M. Global governmental response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/FIN0501"},{"key":"438_CR317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Bustamante B. Evolution and early government responses to COVID-19 in South America. World Development; 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105180"},{"key":"438_CR318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia PJ, Alarc\u00f3n A, Bayer A, et al. COVID-19 Response in Latin America. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0765"},{"key":"438_CR319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantino V, Heslop DJ, MacIntyre CR. The effectiveness of full and partial travel bans against COVID-19 spread in Australia for travellers from China. medRxiv. 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-17714\/v1"},{"key":"438_CR320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif OS, Behbehani A, Landin M. Global Governmental Response to COVID-19 in accordance to WHO guidelines. UN Compliance Research Group; 2021.","DOI":"10.52008\/FIN0501"},{"key":"438_CR321","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"G Bandyopadhyay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay G, Meltzer A. Let\u2019s Unite Against COVID-19-A New Zealand Perspective. Irish J Psychol Med. 2020;78:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Irish J Psychol Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00872-x","volume":"22","author":"JL Geoghegan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geoghegan JL, Moreland NJ, Le Gros G, Ussher JE. New Zealand\u2019s science-led response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(3):262\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19264","DOI":"10.2196\/19264","volume":"22","author":"M Fisk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisk M, Livingstone A, Pit SW. Telehealth in the context of COVID-19: changing perspectives in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e19264.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"438_CR324","first-page":"6567","volume":"135","author":"AC Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith AC, Thomas E, Snoswell CL, et al. Telehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Telemed Telecare. 2020;135:6567.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare."},{"issue":"10228","key":"438_CR325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30670-X","volume":"395","author":"P Webster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Webster P. Canada and COVID-19: learning from SARS. The Lancet. 2020;395(10228):936\u20137.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10229","key":"438_CR326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30668-1","volume":"395","author":"A Takian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1035.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm13030055","volume":"13","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang C. Suspending classes without stopping learning: China\u2019s education emergency management policy in the COVID-19 outbreak. J Risk Financ Manag. 2020;13(3):55.","journal-title":"J Risk Financ Manag"},{"key":"438_CR328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102758","volume":"93","author":"JJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim JJ, Kim I, Hwang J. A change of perceived innovativeness for contactless food delivery services using drones after the outbreak of COVID-19. Int J Hosp Manag. 2021;93:102758.","journal-title":"Int J Hosp Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.28991\/esj-2021-01260","volume":"5","author":"W Puriwat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puriwat W, Tripopsakul S. Explaining an adoption and continuance intention to use contactless payment technologies: during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerg Sci J. 2021;5(1):85\u201395.","journal-title":"Emerg Sci J"},{"key":"438_CR330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e13","volume":"35","author":"S Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim S, Kim Y-J, Peck KR, Jung E. School opening delay effect on transmission dynamics of Coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: Based on mathematical modeling and simulation study. J Kor Med Sci. 2020;35:13.","journal-title":"J Kor Med Sci."},{"key":"438_CR331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito S, Principi N. School closure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an effective intervention at the global level? JAMA Pediatrics. 2020.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1892"},{"key":"438_CR332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Engerstr\u00f6m L, Nordenh\u00e4ll C, Larsson E. Open schools, Covid-19, and child and teacher morbidity in Sweden. New Engl J Med. 2021.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2026670"},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50823","volume":"213","author":"Z Hyde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyde Z. COVID-19, children, and schools: overlooked and at risk. Med J Aust. 2020;213(10):444\u20136.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"438_CR334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKibbin WJ, Fernando R. The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3547729"},{"key":"438_CR335","unstructured":"World Trade Organisation. Trade Policy Review Body. Overview of Developments in the International Trading Environment: Annual Report by the Director-General. 2020. https:\/\/www.wto-ilibrary.org\/trade-monitoring\/overview-of-developments-in-the-international-trading-environment-annual-report-by-the-director-general-2020_afdeeebf-en."},{"key":"438_CR336","unstructured":"United Nations: UNCTAD. Global Trade Update. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR337","unstructured":"United Nations. World economic situation and prospects 2021: Chapter 2. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR338","unstructured":"Bank W. Global Economic Prospects, January 2021. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR339","unstructured":"World Bank. Global Economic Prospectus | June 2020, 2020."},{"key":"438_CR340","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund. WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK UPDATE. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR341","unstructured":"Affairs UNDoEaS. World Economic Situation and Prospects as of mid-2020 2020."},{"key":"438_CR342","unstructured":"May B. Research Briefing | Global - New virus variants, new economic risks. Oxford Economics; 2021."},{"key":"438_CR343","volume-title":"ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work","author":"IL Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"Organization IL. ILO Monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work. Switzerland: International Labour Organization Geneva; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR344","unstructured":"Analytica O. More airlines will fail amidst the COVID-19 outbreak. Emerald Expert Briefings; (oxan-es)."},{"key":"438_CR345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandel N, Chungong S, Omaar A, Xing J. Health security capacities in the context of COVID-19 outbreak: an analysis of International Health Regulations annual report data from 182 countries. Lancet. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30553-5"},{"key":"438_CR346","unstructured":"Khan N, Naushad M, Akbar A, Faisal S, Fahad S. Critical review of COVID-2019 in Italy and Impact on Its Economy."},{"key":"438_CR347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Samarrai S, Gangwar M, Gala P. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education financing. World Bank; 2020.","DOI":"10.1596\/33739"},{"issue":"10223","key":"438_CR348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30355-X","volume":"395","author":"M Makoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Makoni M. Africa prepares for coronavirus. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):483.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR349","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. ACT-Accelerator Update\u201426 June 2020; News Release. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/26-06-2020-act-accelerator-update."},{"key":"438_CR350","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. COVID-19 Virtual Press conference\u201410 August 2020 2020."},{"key":"438_CR351","unstructured":"OECD. The impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis on development finance. 2020. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/the-impact-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-crisis-on-development-finance-9de00b3b\/#blocknotes-d7e1933."},{"key":"438_CR352","unstructured":"Analytica O. Africa may seek COVID-19 debt service reprieve. Emerald Expert Briefings; (oxan-es)."},{"issue":"10229","key":"438_CR353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30719-4","volume":"395","author":"AD Usher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Usher AD. WHO launches crowdfund for COVID-19 response. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1024.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR354","first-page":"80","volume":"100","author":"R Djalante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Djalante R, Shaw R, DeWit A. Building resilience against biological hazards and pandemics: COVID-19 and its implications for the Sendai Framework. Prog Disaster Sci. 2020;100:80.","journal-title":"Prog Disaster Sci"},{"key":"438_CR355","first-page":"506","volume":"201","author":"DE Lucero-Prisno III","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lucero-Prisno DE III, Ogunkola IO, Imo UF, Adebisi YA. Who Will Pay for the COVID-19 Vaccines for Africa? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;201:506.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"438_CR356","unstructured":"Mateusz P SZ. U.S. Suspends Funding for the World Health Organisation. Polish Institute of International Affairs; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR357","first-page":"74","volume":"115","author":"LO Gostin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gostin LO, Friedman EA, Wetter S. How the Biden administration can reinvigorate global health security, institutions, and governance. Am J Int Law. 2021;115:74\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Int Law"},{"key":"438_CR358","unstructured":"Nyarko OO, Hardy YOI, Opoku G, Konadu SO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): preparedness of africa. Afr J Curr Med Res. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR359","unstructured":"Wango G, Wairire G, Kimamo C. Patterns of development of COVID-19 in Low-And Middle-Income Countries: Suggested Psychological Intervention Strategies. Press; 2020."},{"key":"438_CR360","first-page":"14","volume":"368","author":"T Janice Hopkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janice Hopkins T, Hayasaki E, Zastrow M, Pulla P, Smith P, Acer Garcia R. Covid-19: how doctors and healthcare systems are tackling coronavirus worldwide. BMJ. 2020;368:14.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"438_CR361","unstructured":"Somerville P. Modelling the coronavirus pandemic to guide policy in real time."},{"key":"438_CR362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Department of Commerce - Bureau of Economic Analysis. Gross Domestic Product, Second Quarter 2020 (Advance Estimate) and Annual Update. 2020.","DOI":"10.1787\/54ace363-en"},{"key":"438_CR363","unstructured":"International Monetary Fund. G-20 Surveillance Note: G-20 Leaders\u2019 Summit, November 21\u201322, 2020\u2014Riyadh Summit, Virtual Meeting, 2020."},{"key":"438_CR364","unstructured":"Baldwin R, Mauro BWd. Mitigating the COVID economic crisis: act fast and do whatever it takes. VoxEuorg. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103130","volume":"112","author":"G McCartney","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCartney G, Pinto J, Liu M. City resilience and recovery from COVID-19: the case of Macao. Cities. 2021;112:103130.","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"438_CR366","unstructured":"Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). Resurgence of COVID-19, lockdown measures and impact: a rapid scan. 2020."},{"key":"438_CR367","first-page":"2","volume":"25","author":"A Ichino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ichino A, Calzolari G, Mattozzi A, Rustichini A, Zanella G, Anelli M. Transition steps to stop COVID-19 without killing the world economy. VoxEU Org. 2020;25:2.","journal-title":"VoxEU Org."},{"key":"438_CR368","unstructured":"Juniac Ad, Careen N. IATA Media Update on COVID-19, 2020."},{"key":"438_CR369","unstructured":"Analytica O. G20 COVID-19 spending will not alleviate doubts. Emerald Expert Briefings; (oxan-es)."},{"key":"438_CR370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise J. Remdesivir: US purchase of world stocks sparks new \u201chunger games,\u201d warn observers. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2661"},{"key":"438_CR371","unstructured":"Rights UNH. Human rights and access to COVID-19 vaccines. Office of the High Commissioner 2020."},{"key":"438_CR372","first-page":"22","volume":"372","author":"C Baraniuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baraniuk C. How to vaccinate the world against covid-19. BMJ. 2021;372:22.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"438_CR373","unstructured":"Landgren K, al. e. Monthly Forecast. Security Council Report. 2021."},{"key":"438_CR374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozili PK, Arun T. Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the Global Economy. 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3562570"},{"key":"438_CR375","unstructured":"Thunstrom L, Newbold S, Finnoff D, Ashworth M, Shogren JF. The benefits and costs of flattening the curve for COVID-19."},{"key":"438_CR376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dureab F, Al-Awlaqi S, Jahn A. COVID-19 in Yemen: preparedness measures in a fragile state. Lancet Public Health. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30101-8"},{"key":"438_CR377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2020.100015","volume":"54","author":"S Al-Awlaqi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Awlaqi S, Dureab F, Annuzaili D, Al-Dheeb N. COVID-19 and conflict: The devastating impact of withdrawing humanitarian support on universal health coverage in Yemen. Public Health Pract. 2020;54:100015.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"issue":"10238","key":"438_CR378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31235-6","volume":"395","author":"S Devi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devi S. Fears of \u201chighly catastrophic\u201d COVID-19 spread in Yemen. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1683.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"438_CR379","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. The potential impact of health service disruptions on the burden of malaria: a modelling analysis for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. 2020."}],"container-title":["Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T17:23:10Z","timestamp":1699032190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":379,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None declared.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}