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However, the contribution of antimicrobial resistance to the manifestation of bacterial infections in these patients has yet to be elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 70 Gram-negative bacterial strains, isolated from the lower respiratory tract of ventilated COVID-19 patients in Zurich, Switzerland between March and May 2020. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF; antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by EUCAST disk diffusion and CLSI broth microdilution assays. Selected\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (46%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                      (36%) comprised the two largest etiologic groups. Drug resistance in\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates was high for piperacillin\/tazobactam (65.6%), cefepime (56.3%), ceftazidime (46.9%) and meropenem (50.0%).\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates showed slightly lower levels of resistance to piperacillin\/tazobactam (32%), ceftriaxone (32%), and ceftazidime (36%). All\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates and 96% of\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides, with apramycin found to provide best-in-class coverage. Genotypic analysis of consecutive\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates in one patient revealed a frameshift mutation in the transcriptional regulator\n                      <jats:italic>nalC<\/jats:italic>\n                      that coincided with a phenotypic shift in susceptibility to \u03b2-lactams and quinolones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considerable levels of antimicrobial resistance may have contributed to the manifestation of bacterial superinfections in ventilated COVID-19 patients, and may in some cases mandate consecutive adaptation of antibiotic therapy. High susceptibility to amikacin and apramycin suggests that aminoglycosides may remain an effective second-line treatment of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia, provided efficacious drug exposure in lungs can be achieved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00468-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T09:02:48Z","timestamp":1631005368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of respiratory Gram-negative bacterial isolates from COVID-19 patients in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Gysin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3624-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Tirso","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Haldimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Bodendoerfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Imkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Bulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4690-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp Karl","family":"Buehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9492-9088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio Daniel","family":"Brugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-321X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven N.","family":"Hobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2012.11.010","volume":"14","author":"LC Robertson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robertson LC, Al-Haddad M. 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