{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1780452090160,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"national institute of public health - national institute of hygiene","award":["3\/EM\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/EM\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is considered an essential urological procedure for the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is, however, considered a \u201ccontaminated\u201d procedure which may lead to infectious complications. Recent studies suggest a significant share of fluoroquinolone-resistant rectal flora in post-biopsy infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance, including PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) as well as mutation in the QRDRs (quinolone-resistance determining regions) of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>, among Enterobacterales isolated from 32 of 48 men undergoing a prostate biopsy between November 2015 and April 2016 were investigated. Before the TRUS-Bx procedure, all the patients received an oral antibiotic containing fluoroquinolones.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, 41 Enterobacterales isolates were obtained from rectal swabs. The MIC of ciprofloxacin and the presence of common PMQR determinants were investigated in all the isolates. Nine (21.9%) isolates carried PMQR with <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic> as the only PMQR agent detected. DNA sequencing of the QRDRs in 18 Enterobacterales (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> n\u2009=\u200917 and <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic> n\u2009=\u20091) isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC\u2009\u2265\u20090.25\u00a0mg\/l were performed. Substitutions in the following codons were found: GyrA\u201483 [Ser\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu, Phe] and 87 [Asp\u2009\u2192\u2009Asn]; GyrB codon\u2014605 [Met\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu], ParC codons\u201480 [Ser\u2009\u2192\u2009Ile, Arg] and 84 [Glu\u2009\u2192\u2009Gly, Met, Val, Lys], ParE codons\u2014458 [Ser\u2009\u2192\u2009Ala], 461 [Glu\u2009\u2192\u2009Ala] and 512 [Ala\u2009\u2192\u2009Thr]. Six isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC\u2009\u2265\u20092\u00a0mg\/l had at least one mutation in GyrA together with <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study provides information on the common presence of PMQRs among Enterobacterales isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC\u2009\u2265\u20090.25\u00a0mg\/l, obtained from men undergoing TRUS-Bx. This fact may partially explain why some men develop post-TRUS-Bx infections despite ciprofloxacin prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00487-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T08:02:52Z","timestamp":1638864172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance found in rectal swab isolates of Enterobacterales from men undergoing a transrectal prostate biopsy: the rationale for targeted prophylaxis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piekarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zacharczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wo\u0142kowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Mokrzy\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Wolaniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Szempli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Dobruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Gierczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"487_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-016-1607-9","author":"J Galceran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galceran J, Ameijide A, Carulla M, Mateos A, Quir\u00f3s JR, Rojas D, et al. 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Prior to taking the swab, all the patients gave a voluntary informed consent to their participation after being adequately informed of the study aim, data processing and the use of the data in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. The participation was voluntary, and the participants could refuse to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"81"}}