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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vanB<\/jats:italic> PCR were performed. Growth rates of <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> isolates were determined. The <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>-positive isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing and conjugation experiments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 308 <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> isolates, 132 (42.9%) were positive for <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>. All Tn<jats:italic>1546<\/jats:italic>-type transposons harboring the <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> operon located on the plasmids, but on the chromosome in seven isolates. The plasmids harboring the <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> operon were grouped into four types; two types of circular, nonconjugative plasmids (Type A, n\u2009=\u200950; Type B, n\u2009=\u200946), and two types of putative linear, conjugative plasmids (Type C, n\u2009=\u200916; Type D, n\u2009=\u20095). Growth rates of <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>-positive <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> isolates were significantly lower than those of <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic>-negative isolates (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and reduction in growth rate under vancomycin pressure was significantly larger in isolates harboring putative linear plasmids than in those harboring circular plasmids (P\u2009=\u20090.020).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The possession of <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> operon was costly to bacterial hosts in antimicrobial-free environment, which provide evidence for the importance of reducing vancomycin pressure for prevention of VREfm dissemination. Fitness burden to bacterial hosts was varied by type and size of the <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> operon-harboring plasmid.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00722-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T08:02:00Z","timestamp":1720425720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fitness costs of Tn1546-type transposons harboring the vanA operon by plasmid type and structural diversity in Enterococcus faecium"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dokyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Young","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hyuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Sung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ree","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Uh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Seob","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Hwan","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Hee","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Hoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1998.39.6.569","volume":"39","author":"Y Chong","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chong Y, Lee K, Park YJ, Jeon DS, Lee MH, Kim MY, et al. 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