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The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates poses a critical public health challenge. Given that the isolation of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      within abattoirs is a prominent source of community infection especially through the consumption of contaminated meat. This study aims to determine the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the occurrence of virulence genes (\n                      <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>spvC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and specific resistance genes (\n                      <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>aac(3)- IV<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates isolated from cattle in abattoirs. Additionally, the investigation assesses the potential exposure risks for abattoir workers in Mansoura City, Egypt.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a study conducted from May to July 2024, a total of 150 samples were collected to investigate the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in healthy Egyptian Baladi cattle and abattoir workers at the Mansoura abattoir, Mansoura City, Egypt. The sample collection comprised rectal swabs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950) and meat swabs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950) from cattle, in addition to 50 hand swabs obtained from abattoir workers.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation was done following standard microbiological techniques. Initially, pre-enrichment of the samples was conducted using buffered peptone water. Subsequently, selective enrichment was executed using Rappaport Vassiliadis broth, followed by cultivation on xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD) agar to isolate suspected\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonies. These colonies were then subjected to a series of identification tests, including biochemical assays, slide agglutination tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the\n                      <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, which is indicative of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      presence. Furthermore, molecularly identified isolates were tested for the virulence gene\n                      <jats:italic>spvC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which is related to the pathogenicity of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, providing insight into the resistance profiles of the observed isolates. In addition, a subset of 19\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates underwent multiplex PCR analysis to evaluate the presence of specific resistance genes:\n                      <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>aac(3)-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates across all examined samples was 12.7%. This included 4% from cattle carcass swabs, 12% from rectal swabs, and a notable 22% from workers\u2019 hands. The most prevalent serotypes identified were\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium, exhibiting incidences of 26.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) and 21% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094), respectively. Other serotypes included\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Infantis at 15.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093),\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Kentucky and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tsevie each at 10.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092), and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Paratyphi A,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Haifa, and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Virchow at 5.3% ((\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091) each). From the tested\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, 100% (19\/19) were positive for the\n                      <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 89.5% (17\/19) carried\n                      <jats:italic>Spvc<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Resistance profiling categorized the isolates into pandrug-resistant (PDR) at 5.3%, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) at 5.3%, multidrug-resistant (MDR) at 63.1%, and low drug-resistant at 26.3%. Notably,\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Enteritidis exhibited complete resistance to all tested antimicrobial agents, resulting in a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 1. Conversely,\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium was classified as XDR, with a MAR index of 0.937. Resistance rates were alarmingly high, with 100% against streptomycin, 89.5% against erythromycin, 73.7% against clindamycin, and 63.2% against ampicillin. Among the resistance genes, the\n                      <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was most prevalent at 100%, followed by\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 42.1% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) and 31.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096), respectively. The\n                      <jats:italic>aac(3)-IV<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was the least prevalent, noticed in 15.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093) of the isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The high occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars among the tested isolates is concerning. These antibiotics are crucial for effectively treating severe salmonellosis, highlighting the crucial need for strict antimicrobial regulation in both veterinary and human medicine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-025-00809-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T05:43:06Z","timestamp":1751521386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pan-drug, colistin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from slaughtered cattle and human in mansoura, Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimaa","family":"El Baz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan Ahmed","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"809_CR1","first-page":"e9106","volume":"22","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). 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