{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:16:51Z","timestamp":1792178211048,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001589","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Geogr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The link between exposure to air pollution and adverse effects on human health is well documented. Yet, in a European context, research on the spatial distribution of air pollution and the characteristics of areas is relatively scarce, and there is a need for research using different spatial scales, a wider variety of socioeconomic indicators (such as ethnicity) and new methodologies to assess these relationships. This study uses comprehensive data on a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic indicators, matched to data on PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> concentrations for small areas in Ireland, to assess the relationship between social vulnerability and PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> air pollution. Examining a wide range of socioeconomic indicators revealed some differentials in PM<jats:sub>2<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> concentration levels by measure and by rural and urban classification. However, statistical modelling using concentration curves and concentration indices did not present substantial evidence of inequalities in PM<jats:sub>2<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> concentrations across small areas. In common with other western European countries, an overall decline in the levels of PM<jats:sub>2<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> between 2011 and 2016 was observed in Ireland, though the data indicates that almost all small areas in Ireland were found to have exceeded the World\u00a0Health\u00a0Organization (WHO)\u2019s PM<jats:sub>2<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> annual guideline (of\u00a05\u00a0\u00b5g<jats:italic>\/<\/jats:italic>m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>), calling for greater policy efforts to reduce air pollution in Ireland. The recent Clean Air Strategy contains a commitment to achieve the WHO guideline limits for PM<jats:sub>2<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>5<\/jats:sub> by 2040, with interim targets at various points over the next two decades. Achieving these targets will require policy measures to decarbonise home heating, promote active travel and the transition to electric vehicles, and further regulations on burning fossil fuels and enforcing environmental regulations more tightly. From a research and information-gathering perspective, installing more monitoring stations at key points could improve the quality and spatial dimension of the data collected and facilitate the assessment of the implementation of the measures in the Clean Air Strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1720237077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["An investigation of inequalities in exposure to PM2.5 air pollution across small areas in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aislinn","family":"Hoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretta","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27106","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.27106","volume":"8","author":"MC Arcaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arcaya MC, Arcaya AL, Subramanian SV. Inequalities in health: definitions, concepts, and theories. Glob Health Action. 2015;8(1):27106.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"377_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218","volume":"32","author":"P Braveman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:381\u201398.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"377_CR3","unstructured":"Marmot. Fair society, healthy lives the marmot review, Technical report; 2010."},{"key":"377_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. WHO global air quality guidelines, Technical report, World Health Organisation; 2021."},{"key":"377_CR5","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe; 2018. http:\/\/europa.eu"},{"issue":"17","key":"377_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173127","volume":"16","author":"J Fairburn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fairburn J, Schule SA, Dreger S, Hilz LK, Bolte G. Social inequalities in exposure to ambient air pollution: a systematic review in the WHO European region. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(17):3127.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"377_CR7","volume":"3","author":"G Ciarelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciarelli G, Colette A, Schucht S, Beekmann M, Andersson C, Manders-Groot A, Mircea M, Tsyro S, Fagerli H, Ortiz AG, Adani M, Briganti G, Cappelletti A, D\u2019Isidoro M, Cuvelier C, Couvidat F, Meleux F, Bessagnet B. Long-term health impact assessment of total PM2.5 in Europe during the 1990\u20132015 period. Atmos Environ X. 2019;3: 100032.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ X"},{"key":"377_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11281-5","volume":"360","author":"L Clancy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clancy L, Goodman P, Sinclair H, Dockery D. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study. Lancet. 2002;360:1210\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"377_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","volume":"8","author":"I Manisalidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Front Public Health. 2020;8: 505570.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"377_CR10","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. European Environment Agency; 2023. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/in-depth\/air-pollution. Accessed Sept 2023."},{"key":"377_CR11","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency Ireland. Air quality in Ireland 2021; 2023. https:\/\/www.epa.ie\/publications\/monitoring--assessment\/air\/air-quality-in-ireland-2021.php. Accessed Mar 2024."},{"key":"377_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2023.101275","volume":"50","author":"S Lyons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyons S, Mao L, Nolan A, O\u2019Sullivan V. The effect of \u201csmoky\u201d coal bans on chronic lung disease among older people in Ireland. Econo Hum Biol. 2023;50: 101275.","journal-title":"Econo Hum Biol"},{"key":"377_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2024.103454","volume":"110","author":"B Maitre","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maitre B, Sloyan A. \u2018Doing old folks\u2019 lungs a solid?\u2019 Who burns solid fuels among older Irish adults and its links to health. Energy Res Soc Sci. 2024;110: 103454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2024.103454.","journal-title":"Energy Res Soc Sci"},{"key":"377_CR14","unstructured":"Government of Ireland. New regulations on solid fuels; 2022. gov\u2014Government agrees new regulations on solid fuels (www.gov.ie)."},{"key":"377_CR15","unstructured":"Government of Ireland. Clean Air Strategy for Ireland, Technical report, Government of Ireland, Dublin; 2023."},{"key":"377_CR16","unstructured":"Health Service Executive. Health services- Healthy Ireland implementation plan 2023\u20132027, Technical report; 2023."},{"key":"377_CR17","unstructured":"Health Service Executive. Slaintecare, Technical report, HSE, Ireland; 2022."},{"issue":"6","key":"377_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305611","volume":"110","author":"AY Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong AY, Zhang X. The use of small area estimates in place-based health research. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(6):829\u201332.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa006","volume":"49","author":"FB Piel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piel FB, Fecht D, Hodgson S, Blangiardo M, Toledano M, Hansell AL, Paul Elliott P. Small-area methods for investigation of environment and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(2):686\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"377_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100641","volume":"41","author":"AJ Tatem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tatem AJ. Small area population denominators for improved disease surveillance and response. Epidemics. 2022;41: 100641.","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"issue":"9","key":"377_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00921-2","volume":"44","author":"S Shao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shao S, Liu L, Tian Z. Does the environmental inequality matter? A literature review. Environ Geochem Health. 2022;44(9):3133\u201356.","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR22","first-page":"294","volume":"76","author":"PH Pollock","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pollock PH, Vittas ME. Who bears the burdens of environmental pollution? race, ethnicity, and environmental equity in Florida. Quarterly. 1995;76(2):294\u2013310.","journal-title":"Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR23","first-page":"793","volume":"78","author":"T Boer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boer T, Pastor M, Sadd J, Snyder L. Is there environmental racism? The demographics of hazardous waste in Los Angeles county. Soc Sci Q. 1997;78(4):793\u2013810.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR24","first-page":"145","volume":"24","author":"J Chakraborty","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chakraborty J, Armstrong MP. Exploring the use of buffer analysis for the identification of impacted areas in environmental equity assessment. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci. 1997;24(3):145\u201357.","journal-title":"Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.3.343","volume":"54","author":"P Mohai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mohai P, Saha R. Racial inequality in the distribution of hazardous waste: a national-level reassessment. Soc Probl. 2007;54(3):343\u201370.","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"377_CR26","unstructured":"Burke LM, Org E. UC Santa Barbara NCGIA technical reports title environmental equity in Los Angeles (93\u20136) publication date, technical report, UC Santa Barbara; 1993. https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/6966d5t3"},{"key":"377_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderton DL, Anderson AB, Oakes JM, Fraser MR. Environmental equity: the demographics of dumping. 1994; 31(2): 229\u2013248. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2061884","DOI":"10.2307\/2061884"},{"key":"377_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1006\/ssre.1996.0006","volume":"25","author":"JM Oakes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oakes JM, Anderton DL, Anderson AB. A longitudinal analysis of environmental equity in communities with hazardous waste facilities. Soc Sci Res. 1996;25:125\u201348.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"key":"377_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9702100101","volume":"21","author":"DL Anderton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderton DL, Oakes JM, Egan KL. \u2018Environmental equity in superfund. Demographics of the discovery and prioritization of abandoned toxic sites. Eval Rev. 1997;21:3\u201326.","journal-title":"Eval Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR30","first-page":"244","volume":"80","author":"G Daniels","year":"1999","unstructured":"Daniels G, Friedman S. Spatial inequality and the distribution of industrial toxic releases: evidence from the 1990 TRI. Quarterly. 1999;80(2):244\u201362.","journal-title":"Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/044010","volume":"9","author":"J Chakraborty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chakraborty J, Green D. Australia\u2019s first national level quantitative environmental justice assessment of industrial air pollution. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9(4): 044010.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0038-4941.2004.08502011.x","volume":"85","author":"M Ash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ash M, Fetter TR. Who lives on the wrong side of the environmental tracks? Evidence from the EPA\u2019s risk-screening environmental indicators model. Soc Sci Q. 2004;85(2):441\u201362.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/1086026608321327","volume":"21","author":"L Downey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Downey L, Dubois S, Hawkins B, Walker M. Environmental inequality in metropolitan America. Organ Environ. 2008;21(3):270\u201394.","journal-title":"Organ Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"377_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0832-2","volume":"120","author":"JK Boyce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyce JK, Pastor M. Clearing the air: incorporating air quality and environmental justice into climate policy. Clim Change. 2013;120(4):801\u201314.","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"377_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2014.09.013","volume":"107","author":"K Zwickl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zwickl K, Ash M, Boyce JK. Regional variation in environmental inequality: Industrial air toxics exposure in U.S. cities. Ecol Econ. 2014;107:494\u2013509.","journal-title":"Ecol Econ"},{"issue":"10","key":"377_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1068\/a36151","volume":"36","author":"M Buzzelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buzzelli M, Jerrett M. Racial gradients of ambient air pollution exposure in Hamilton, Canada. Environ Plan A. 2004;36(10):1855\u201376.","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"issue":"3","key":"377_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20368","volume":"50","author":"F Forastiere","year":"2007","unstructured":"Forastiere F, Stafoggia M, Tasco C, Picciotto S, Agabiti N, Cesaroni G, Perucci CA. Socioeconomic status, particulate air pollution, and daily mortality: Differential exposure or differential susceptibility. Am J Ind Med. 2007;50(3):208\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"377_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819464e1","volume":"20","author":"S Havard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Havard S, Deguen S, Zmirou-Navier D, Schillinger C, Bard D. Traffic-related air pollution and socioeconomic status: a spatial autocorrelation study to assess environmental equity on a small-area scale. Epidemiology. 2009;20(2):223\u201330.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.04.011","volume":"18","author":"M Branis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Branis M, Linhartova M. Association between unemployment, income, education level, population size and air pollution in Czech cities: evidence for environmental inequality? A pilot national scale analysis. Health Place. 2012;18(5):1110\u20134.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-71","volume":"13","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez-Somoano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Somoano A, Hoek G, Tardon A. Relationship between area-level socioeconomic characteristics and outdoor NO2 concentrations in rural and urban areas of northern Spain. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"377_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.12.014","volume":"198","author":"D Fecht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fecht D, Fischer P, Fortunato L, Hoek G, De Hoogh K, Marra M, Kruize H, Vienneau D, Beelen R, Hansell A. Associations between air pollution and socioeconomic characteristics, ethnicity and age profile of neighbourhoods in England and the Netherlands. Environ Pollut. 2015;198:201\u201310.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"377_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2017.11.009","volume":"70","author":"T R\u00fcttenauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"R\u00fcttenauer T. Neighbours matter: a nation-wide small-area assessment of environmental inequality in Germany. Soc Sci Res. 2018;70:198\u2013211.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"377_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12010048","volume":"12","author":"G Shaddick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaddick G, Salter JM, Peuch VH, Ruggeri G, Thomas ML, Mudu P, Tarasova O, Baklanov A, Gumy S. Global air quality: an inter-disciplinary approach to exposure assessment for burden of disease analyses. Atmosphere. 2021;12(1):48.","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"377_CR44","unstructured":"Ijpelaar J, Power T, Green B. Northern Ireland multiple deprivation measures 2017. Article in Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland; 2020. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344902547"},{"key":"377_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120630","volume":"316","author":"J Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang J, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhai S, Wang W, Zhang T, Yin F, Ma Y. Sociodemographic characteristics and inequality in exposure to PM2.5: a case study in the Sichuan basin, China. Environ Pollut. 2023;316: 120630.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"377_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.06.053","volume":"47","author":"J Laguipo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laguipo J, Forde C, Carton JG. Enabling the scale-up of green hydrogen in Ireland by decarbonising the haulage sector. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2022;47:26812\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.06.053.","journal-title":"Int J Hydrog Energy"},{"key":"377_CR47","unstructured":"Brook R, Zhang H, Sammut J, King K. GLA LAEI AQ Exposure and Inequalities study-Part 1 I Title GLA LAEI AQ Exposure and Inequalities study Part 1-London analysis Customer File Author(s) Reviewed by GLA LAEI AQ Exposure and Inequalities study-Part 1 II Executive Summary Background, Technical report; 2023. www.aether-uk.com"},{"key":"377_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1086\/711309","volume":"2","author":"T Deryugina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deryugina T, Miller N, Molitor D, Reif J. Geographic and socioeconomic heterogeneity in the benefits of reducing air pollution in the United States. Environ Energy Policy Econ. 2021;2:157\u201389.","journal-title":"Environ Energy Policy Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"377_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1111\/caje.12177","volume":"48","author":"CJ Ward","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ward CJ. It\u2019s an ill wind: the effect of fine particulate air pollution on respiratory hospitalizations. Can J Econ Revue canadienne d\u2019economique. 2016;48(5):1694\u2013732.","journal-title":"Can J Econ Revue canadienne d\u2019economique"},{"issue":"10","key":"377_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.06.040","volume":"67","author":"D Briggs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Briggs D, Abellan JJ, Fecht D. Environmental inequity in England: small area associations between socio-economic status and environmental pollution. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(10):1612\u201329.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"377_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-34","volume":"12","author":"EA Richardson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richardson EA, Pearce J, Tunstall H, Mitchell R, Shortt NK. Particulate air pollution and health inequalities: a Europe-wide ecological analysis. Int J Health Geogr. 2013;12:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"377_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9621","volume":"115","author":"ML Bell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bell ML, Dominici F, Ebisu K, Zeger SL, Samet JM. Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(7):989\u201395.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"377_CR53","unstructured":"Haase T, Pratschke J, Gleeson J. The 2011 All-Island HP Deprivation Index Consistent Deprivation Measures for the Island of Ireland, based on the 2011 Census of Deprivation, Technical report; 2017."},{"key":"377_CR54","unstructured":"Haase T, Pratschke J. The 2016 Pobal HP Deprivation Index for Small Areas (SA): introduction and reference tables; 2017. http:\/\/trutzhaase.eu\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/The-2016-Pobal-HP-Deprivation-Index-Introduction-07.pdf"},{"key":"377_CR55","unstructured":"Urban and Rural Life in Ireland, Central Statistics Office, https:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/releasesandpublications\/ep\/p-urli\/urbanandrurallifeinireland2019\/introduction\/. 2019."},{"key":"377_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Gomez S, Dwyer H, Graff Zivin J, Neidell M. This Is Air: The \u201cNonhealth\u201d Effects of Air Pollution. Annual Review of Resource Economics 2022;14(1):403-425.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-111820-021816"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Geographics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1720278166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12942-024-00377-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study uses anonymised administrative Census data, where the research of this paper is exempt from ethical requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}