{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:38:46Z","timestamp":1792787926477,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["181143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Health Geogr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T14:49:40Z","timestamp":1763822980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["H3-MOSAIC: multimodal generative AI for semantic place detection from high-frequency GPS on H3 grids in mental health geomatics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaee","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyue","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Soo","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allie Yubin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Torous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01074-z","author":"M Abbasian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abbasian M, Khatibi E, Azimi I, Oniani D, Abad ZSH, Thieme A, et al. Foundation metrics for evaluating effectiveness of healthcare conversations powered by generative AI. NPJ Digit Med. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01074-z.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"423_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong KC, Hart JE, James PA. Review of epidemiologic studies on greenness and health: updated literature through 2017. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH REPORTS; 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0179-y"},{"key":"423_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01438-4","author":"CG Carlson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carlson CG. Virtual and augmented simulations in mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01438-4.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.645260","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li L, Novillo-Ortiz D, Azzopardi-Muscat N, Kostkova P. Digital data sources and their impact on people\u2019s health: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Front Public Health. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.645260.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105061","author":"K Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee K, Lee TC, Yefimova M, Kumar S, Puga F, Azuero A, et al. Using digital phenotyping to understand health-related outcomes: a scoping review. Int J Med Inform. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105061.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2022.104278","volume":"138","author":"I Moura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moura I, Teles A, Viana D, Marques J, Coutinho L, Silva F. Digital phenotyping of mental health using multimodal sensing of multiple situations of interest: a systematic literature review. J Biomed Inform. 2023;138:104278.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"423_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116483","volume":"348","author":"Jake Linardon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Linardon J, Chen K, Gajjar S, Eadara A, Wang S, Flathers M, et al. Smartphone digital phenotyping in mental health disorders: a review of raw sensors utilized, machine learning processing pipelines, and derived behavioral features. Psychiatry Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116483","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"423_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35472","author":"JR Beames","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beames JR, Han J, Shvetcov A, Zheng WY, Slade A, Dabash O, et al. Use of smartphone sensor data in detecting and predicting depression and anxiety in young people (12\u201325 years): a scoping review. Heliyon. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35472","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2018.1503276","author":"M-P Kwan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwan M-P, Wang J, Tyburski M, Epstein DH, Kowalczyk WJ, Preston KL. Uncertainties in the geographic context of health behaviors: a study of substance users\u2019 exposure to psychosocial stress using GPS data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13658816.2018.1503276.","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"423_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQuoid J, Thrul J, Ling P. A geographically explicit ecological momentary assessment (GEMA) mixed method for Understanding substance use. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE; 2018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.014"},{"key":"423_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Li D, Li X, Zhou X, Newman G. The integration of geographic methods and ecological momentary assessment in public health research: A systematic review of methods and applications. SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE; 2024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117075"},{"key":"423_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Freitas J, Uguralp AK, Oguz-Uguralp Z, Puntoni S. Chatbots and mental health: insights into the safety of generative AI. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY; 2024.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcpy.1393"},{"key":"423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habicht J, Dina LM, McFadyen J, Stylianou M, Harper R, Hauser TU, et al. Generative AI-Enabled therapy support tool for improved clinical outcomes and patient engagement in group therapy: Real-World observational study. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH; 2025.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.60435"},{"key":"423_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/67365","author":"TR Campellone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Campellone TR, Flom M, Montgomery RM, Bullard L, Pirner MC, Pavez A, et al. Safety and user experience of a generative artificial intelligence digital mental health intervention: exploratory randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/67365.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"423_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55988","author":"D Hadar-Shoval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hadar-Shoval D, Asraf K, Mizrachi Y, Haber Y, Elyoseph Z. Assessing the alignment of large language models with human values for mental health integration: cross-sectional study using Schwartz\u2019s theory of basic values. JMIR Ment Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/55988.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"423_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee CSE, Mohebbi M, Callaghan EO, Winsberg M. Large Language models versus expert clinicians in crisisprediction among telemental health patients:comparative study. JMIR MENTAL HEALTH; 2024.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.58129"},{"key":"423_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb CA, Ren B, Rahimi-Eichi H, Gillis BW, Chung Y, Baker JT. Personalized prediction of negative affect in individuals with serious mental illness followed using long-term multimodal mobile phenotyping. TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY; 2025.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/pxmbn_v2"},{"key":"423_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/54369","author":"Z Elyoseph","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elyoseph Z, Refoua E, Asraf K, Lvovsky M, Shimoni Y, Hadar-Shoval D. Capacity of generative AI to interpret human emotions from visual and textual data: pilot evaluation study. JMIR Ment Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/54369.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"423_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00979-5","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Zhang RW, Lee YC, Kraut RE, Mohr DC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of AI-based conversational agents for promoting mental health and well-being. NPJ Digit Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-023-00979-5.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"423_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59560","author":"D Villarreal-Zegarra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villarreal-Zegarra D, Reategui-Rivera CM, Garc\u00eda-Serna J, Quispe-Callo G, L\u00e1zaro-Cruz G, Centeno-Terrazas G, et al. Self-administered interventions based on natural language processing models for reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Ment Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59560.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"423_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63126","author":"G Holmes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Holmes G, Tang BY, Gupta S, Venkatesh S, Christensen H, Whitton A. Applications of large language models in the field of suicide prevention: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/63126.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"423_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13134-8","author":"O Pierr\u00e8s","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pierr\u00e8s O, Darvishy A, Christen M. Exploring the role of generative AI in higher education: semi-structured interviews with students with disabilities. Educ Inf Technol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-13134-8.","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"key":"423_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07026-9","author":"QY Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee QY, Chen M, Ong CW, Ho CSH. The role of generative artificial intelligence in psychiatric education- a scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-025-07026-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"423_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89768-2","author":"D Lekkas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lekkas D, Jacobson NC. Using artificial intelligence and longitudinal location data to differentiate persons who develop posttraumatic stress disorder following childhood trauma. Sci Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89768-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"423_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence HR, Schneider RA, Rubin SB, Mataric MJ, McDuff DJ, Bell MJ. The opportunities and risks of large Language models in mental health. JMIR MENTAL HEALTH; 2024.","DOI":"10.2196\/59479"},{"key":"423_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0182-1","author":"CA Depp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Depp CA, Bashem J, Moore RC, Holden JL, Mikhael T, Swendsen J. GPS mobility as a digital biomarker of negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a case control study. NPJ Digit Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0182-1.","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"423_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/22844","author":"J Meyerhoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyerhoff J, Liu T, Kording KP, Ungar LH, Kaiser SM, Karr CJ, et al. Evaluation of changes in depression, anxiety, and social anxiety using smartphone sensor features: longitudinal cohort study. J Med Internet Res. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22844.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"423_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101172","author":"JR Olsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olsen JR, Nicholls N, Caryl F, Mendoza JO, Panis LI, Dons E, et al. Day-to-day intrapersonal variability in mobility patterns and association with perceived stress: a cross-sectional study using GPS from 122 individuals in three European cities. SSM-POPULATION HEALTH. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101172.","journal-title":"SSM-POPULATION HEALTH"},{"key":"423_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.02.031","author":"T Ranjan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ranjan T, Melcher J, Keshavan M, Smith M, Torous J. Longitudinal symptom changes and association with home time in people with schizophrenia: an observational digital phenotyping study. Schizophr Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2022.02.031.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"423_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.09.025","author":"JL Mow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mow JL, Gard DE, Mueser KT, Mote J, Gill K, Leung L, et al. Smartphone-based mobility metrics capture daily social motivation and behavior in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2022.09.025.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"423_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109533","author":"A Torku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torku A, Chan APC, Yung EHK, Seo J. Detecting stressful older adults-environment interactions to improve neighbourhood mobility: a multimodal physiological sensing, machine learning, and risk hotspot analysis-based approach. Build Environ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109533.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"423_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214274","author":"A Fernandes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandes A, Van Lenthe FJ, Vallee J, Sueur C, Chaix B. Linking physical and social environments with mental health in old age: a multisensor approach for continuous real-life ecological and emotional assessment. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2020-214274.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"423_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108847","author":"F Caryl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caryl F, McCrorie P, Olsen JR, Mitchell R. Use of natural environments is associated with reduced inequalities in child mental wellbeing: a cross-sectional analysis using global positioning system (GPS) data. Environ Int. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108847.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"423_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardhan M, Zhang K, Browning MHEM, Dong J, Liu T, Bailey C, et al. Time in nature is associated with higher levels of positive mood: evidence from the 2023 naturedosetm student survey. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY; 2023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.102083"},{"key":"423_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2023.100683","author":"CA Stamatis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stamatis CA, Liu T, Meyerhoff J, Meng Y, Cho YM, Karr CJ, et al. Specific associations of passively sensed smartphone data with future symptoms of avoidance, fear, and physiological distress in social anxiety. Internet Interv. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.invent.2023.100683.","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"423_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9771","author":"R Goodspeed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goodspeed R, Yan X, Hardy J, Vydiswaran V, Berrocal VJ, Clarke P, et al. Comparing the data quality of global positioning system devices and mobile phones for assessing relationships between place, mobility, and health: field study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.9771.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"423_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.020802","author":"S Hirve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirve S, Marsh A, Lele P, Chavan U, Bhattacharjee T, Nair H, et al. Concordance between GPS-based smartphone app for continuous location tracking and mother\u2019s recall of care-seeking for child illness in India. J Glob Health. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.08.020802.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"423_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09004-5","author":"N Panda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panda N, Solsky I, Hawrusik B, Liu G, Reeder H, Lipsitz S, et al. Smartphone global positioning system (GPS) data enhances recovery assessment after breast cancer surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-020-09004-5.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"423_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459221082680","author":"SR Muller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muller SR, Bayer JB, Ross MQ, Mount J, Stachl C, Harari GM, et al. Analyzing GPS data for psychological research: a tutorial. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25152459221082680.","journal-title":"Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci"},{"key":"423_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Liu L. Computational methods and GIS applications in social science. 2023.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003292302"},{"key":"423_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab069","author":"G Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu G, Onnela J-P. Bidirectional imputation of spatial GPS trajectories with missingness using sparse online Gaussian process. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocab069.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"423_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/42866","author":"V de Angel","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Angel V, Adeleye F, Zhang Y, Cummins N, Munir S, Lewis S, et al. The feasibility of implementing remote measurement technologies in psychological treatment for depression. Mixed methods study on engagement. JMIR Ment Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/42866.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"423_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94516-7","author":"MV Kiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiang MV, Chen JT, Krieger N, Buckee CO, Alexander MJ, Baker JT, et al. Sociodemographic characteristics of missing data in digital phenotyping. Sci Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94516-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"423_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-024-01463-8","volume":"17","author":"A Memduho\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Memduho\u011flu A, Fulman N, Zipf A. Enriching building function classification using large language model embeddings of openstreetmap tags. Earth Sci Inform. 2024;17(6):5403\u201318.","journal-title":"Earth Sci Inform"},{"issue":"7","key":"423_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi14070268","volume":"14","author":"Z Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhao L, HierLabelNet:. A Two-Stage LLMs framework with data augmentation and label selection for geographic text classification. Isprs Int J Geo-Inf. 2025;14(7):268.","journal-title":"Isprs Int J Geo-Inf"},{"issue":"10","key":"423_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13100348","volume":"13","author":"A Mansourian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mansourian A, Oucheikh R, ChatGeoAI. Enabling Geospatial analysis for public through natural Language, with large Language models. Isprs Int J Geo-Inf. 2024;13(10):348.","journal-title":"Isprs Int J Geo-Inf"},{"issue":"1","key":"423_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04757-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Kwan M-P, Fang L. An LLM driven dataset on the spatiotemporal distributions of street and neighborhood crime in China. Sci Data. 2025;12(1):467.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"4","key":"423_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2025.2449859","volume":"25","author":"Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Muro\u0148","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muro\u0148 M, Da\u0159ena F, Proch\u00e1zka D, Kern R. Automatically generated place descriptions for accurate location identification: a hybrid approach with rule-based methods and LLM. Spat Cognition Comput. 2025:1\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13875868.2025.2449859","journal-title":"Spatial Cognition &amp; Computation"},{"issue":"4","key":"423_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13040133","volume":"13","author":"Y Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao Y, Qi J, Ma X, Wu S, Liu R, Zhang X. An LLM-based inventory construction framework of urban ground collapse events with spatiotemporal locations. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf. 2024;13(4):133.","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf"},{"issue":"13","key":"423_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15133232","volume":"15","author":"LP Osco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osco LP, Lemos ELd, Gon\u00e7alves WN, Ramos APM, Marcato Junior J. The potential of visual ChatGPT for remote sensing. Remote Sens. 2023;15(13):3232.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"5","key":"423_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones9050347","volume":"9","author":"L Seidel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seidel L, Gehringer S, Raczok T, Ivens S-N, Eckardt B, Maerz M. Advancing early wildfire detection: integration of vision language models with unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing for enhanced situational awareness. Drones. 2025;9(5):347.","journal-title":"Drones"},{"issue":"1","key":"423_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-025-00599-w","volume":"11","author":"JT Wigman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wigman JT, Ching AE, Chung Y, Eichi HR, Lane E, Langholm C, et al. Digital health technologies in the accelerating medicines partnership\u00ae schizophrenia program. Schizophr. 2025;11(1):83.","journal-title":"Schizophr"},{"key":"423_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu L, Guan WW, Wang F, Bao S. Visual programming-based Geospatial cyberinfrastructure for open-source GIS education 3.0. Cartography Geographic Inform Sci. 2025:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15230406.2025.2462342","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2025.2462342"},{"key":"423_CR54","volume":"130","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu L, Wang F, Fu X, K\u00f6tter T, Sturm K, Guan WW, et al. Elevating the RRE framework for Geospatial analysis with visual programming platforms: an exploration with Geospatial analytics extension for Knime. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf. 2024;130:103948.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"issue":"2","key":"423_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.03.018","volume":"57","author":"A Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh A, Daniel L, Baker E, Bentley R. Housing disadvantage and poor mental health: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(2):262\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"423_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301304120","volume":"120","author":"D Tadmon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tadmon D, Bearman P. Differential spatial-social accessibility to mental health care and suicide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(19):e2301304120.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"423_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","volume":"78","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social ties and mental health. J Urb Health. 2001;78(3):458\u201367.","journal-title":"J Urb Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"423_CR58","volume":"2012","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. Int Sch Res Notices. 2012;2012(1):278730.","journal-title":"Int Sch Res Notices"},{"key":"423_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.030","volume":"166","author":"C Twohig-Bennett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Twohig-Bennett C, Jones A. The health benefits of the great outdoors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environ Res. 2018;166:628\u201337.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"423_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075847","author":"Michael Noetel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noetel M, Sanders T, Gallardo-G\u00f3mez D, Taylor P, del Pozo Cruz B, Van Den Hoek D et al. Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2024;384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-075847","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"423_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.103058","volume":"85","author":"T Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye T, Xu H. The impact of business travel on travelers\u2019 well-being. Ann Tourism Res. 2020;85:103058.","journal-title":"Ann Tourism Res"},{"key":"423_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2022.02.006","volume":"28","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Ettema D, Helbich M. Systematic review of the association between commuting, subjective wellbeing and mental health. Travel Behav Soc. 2022;28:59\u201374.","journal-title":"Travel Behav Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"423_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053461","volume":"8","author":"G Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira G, Wood L, Foster S, Haggar F. Access to alcohol outlets, alcohol consumption and mental health. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53461.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"423_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15394-4","volume":"23","author":"J Westenhoefer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Westenhoefer J, Nouri E, Reschke ML, Seebach F, Buchcik J. Walkability and urban built environments\u2014a systematic review of health impact assessments (HIA). BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):518.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Health Geographics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T17:05:50Z","timestamp":1764176750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12942-025-00423-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-072X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-072X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study analyzes de-identified high-frequency GPS data from research studies conducted by the Division of Digital Psychiatry at BIDMC with the open-source mindLAMP smartphone app. The secondary analysis presented here was conducted on de-identified records aggregated to H3 grids to enhance geo-privacy and all images shared are derived from simulated data to protect privacy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data (images, videos, or identifying details).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}