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Infomap was used to delineate spatial epidemic prevention zones (SEPZs), and network indicators, including PageRank, betweenness centrality, the clustering coefficient, and hyperlink-induced topic search (HITS), were used to characterize the international passenger arrival probability, transfer-related connectivity, connection density, and spatial potential transmission. Passenger arrival probability and connection density were associated with a shorter time to arrival (T2A) of the first imported COVID-19 case, whereas a greater geographical distance was associated with a longer T2A. In contrast, macroscale socioeconomic indicators showed limited explanatory power in the early disease transmission. 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