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An in vivo model for fatty liver was established by feeding C57BL\/6\u2009J mice a high-fat diet (HFD). An in vitro model of steatosis was established by treating LO-2 cells with oleic acid (OA). RNA sequencing was performed on untreated and OA-treated LO-2 cells followed by TWIST1, TWIST2 and PPAR\u03b3 gene mRNA levels analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and pathway analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The TWIST2 serum protein levels decreased significantly in all fatty liver groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while TWIST1 varied. TWIST2 tended to be lower in mice fed an HFD and was significantly lower at 3\u2009months. Similarly, in the in vitro model, the TWIST2 protein level was downregulated significantly at 48 and 72\u2009h after OA treatment. RNA sequencing of LO-2 cells showed an approximately 2.3-fold decrease in TWIST2, with no obvious change in TWIST1 and PPAR\u03b3. The PPAR signaling pathway was enriched, with 4 genes upregulated in OA-treated cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0018). The interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were enriched in OA-treated cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results provide evidence that the TWIST2 and PPAR signaling pathways are important in NAFLD and shed light on a potential mechanism of steatosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01458-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T10:08:13Z","timestamp":1618913293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["TWIST2 and the PPAR signaling pathway are important in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingju","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanshan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.1.1","volume":"40","author":"D Povero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Povero D, Feldstein AE. 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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}